不同水分管理方式下水稻生长季N2O排放量估算：模型验证和输入参数检验

利用2005～2007年我国稻田N₂O排放通量的田间原位测定资料和国际上其它地区稻田N₂O报道结果,对作者建立的不同水分管理方式下水稻生长季N₂O排放估算模型进行了验证. 结果表明,持续淹水稻田N₂O排放的拟合结果与其他地区淹水稻田N₂O通量值相一致. 淹水-烤田-淹水的水分管理方式下,稻田N₂O排放的拟合值接近于国际上同类研究结果. 淹水-烤田-淹水-湿润灌溉的水分管理方式下,稻田N₂O排放的估算模型对田间原位测定资料有很好的适切性. 为了检验模型输入参数的可信度,将本研究建立的有关我国水稻生产的相关资料数据库与以往研究报道结果进行了比较,结果表明,两者具有高度的一致性. 数据库资料表明,在20世纪50～70年代间,持续淹水稻田占20%～25%,大约75%～80%的稻田采用淹水-烤田-淹水的水分管理方式. 在20世纪80～90年代间,采用持续淹水,淹水-烤田-淹水和淹水-烤田-淹水-湿润灌溉水分管理方式的稻田分别约占12%～16%、 77%和7%～12%. 20世纪50年代水稻生长季平均每季总施氮量为87.49 kg·hm^-2,而90年代平均为224.64 kg·hm^-2. 其中,化学氮肥的施用量从20世纪50年代的37.4 kg·hm^-2增加到了90年代的198.8 kg·hm^-2,分别占水稻生长季氮输入总量的43%和88%. 在20世纪50～70年代间有机氮的输入量相对比较稳定,平均变幅在45.2～48.2 kg·hm^-2之间,随后逐步降低,有机肥料氮占氮输入总量的比例从20世纪50年代的52%降低到了90年代的9%. 作物残体N输入量从20世纪50年代的4.9 kg·hm^-2增加到了80年代的6.3 kg·hm^-2. 20世纪50～70年代水稻生长季氮肥施用量具明显的空间变异性,而80～90年代间其空间变异较小. 模型验证和输入参数检验的结果表明,该模型能较好地模拟我国不同水分管理方式下的稻田N₂O直接排放量.     

Rh-Al-MCM-41上NO选择性催化还原的原位红外研究

利用气-固相固定床反应装置考察了Rh交换的Al-MCM-41在高气体空速条件下对贫燃NOx的选择性催化还原活性,考察了氧含量对其的影响。结果表明,在200000h~(-1)的气体空速、O_2/C_3H_6=20、603K时,NO转化率为74.3％。利用原位FTIR技术研究了该催化剂的表面吸附物种及表面程序升温反应行为,并结合实验观察探讨了贫燃条件下Rh-Al-MCM-41催化剂上NO的选择性催化还原机理。     

铁法煤业集团三台子污水处理厂的工艺改造

介绍了将铁法煤业（集团）有限责任公司三台子矿区污水处理工程工艺由以卡鲁塞尔氧化沟为主体的二级生化处理工艺改造为更适宜在北方气候条件下运行的A-O法工艺；同时对系统的启动进行了介绍。     

施肥对稻田甲烷与氧化亚氮排放的影响

大气温室气体浓度的升高引起太阳辐射加强,导致全球变暖已成为不争的事实。农田是温室气体排放的重要来源之一,采用静态箱-气相色谱法探讨不同氮肥类型与施氮水平对华南稻田甲烷（CH4）与氧化亚氮（N2O）排放的影响。试验共设置5个处理,每处理3次重复,分别（以N计）为U6（90 kg·hm-2）,U10（150 kg·hm-2）,U12（180 kg·hm-2）,SR10（150 kg·hm-2,缓释肥）,CR10（150 kg·hm-2,控释肥）。各处理磷钾肥用量一致,分别为45 kg·hm-2（以P2O5计）和127.5 kg·hm-2（以K2O计）。研究结果表明：稻田CH4与N2O排放量随氮肥用量的增加呈增加趋势。晚稻CH4排放呈单峰型,其峰值出现在水稻移栽后16~23 d,N2O排放并未出现明显的排放峰。CH4累积排放主要发生在返青-分蘖初期和分蘖盛期-幼穗分化期两个时段,而N2O的累积排放主要集中在灌浆-成熟期（U6处理除外）。不同氮肥类型处理CH4季节排放总量与平均排放量表现为：处理SR10〉处理U10〉处理CR10,其中,控释肥处理甲烷排放总量较常规尿素处理减少了11.3%;而N2O季节排放总量与平均排放量表现为：处理CR10〉处理U10〉处理SR10。综上,初步认为氮肥的施用能够促进CH4与N2O的释放,缓释肥处理能有效减少稻田N2O的排放,而控释尿素处理能明显降低稻田CH4气体的排放,且稻田CH4与N2O的排放存在一定的互为消长关系,因此如何平衡稻田甲烷与氧化亚氮释放,使稻田增温潜势最小化是下一步研究的重点和方向。     

磺化石墨烯对小麦幼苗生长及生理生化指标的影响

随着石墨烯生产量和使用量的不断增大,其对生态环境的风险逐渐引起了环境学家的关注。采用水培试验,探究了磺化石墨烯(SGO)对小麦幼苗的生长、抗氧化酶活性及脂质过氧化的影响。结果表明:在培养10 d后,低浓度磺化石墨烯对小麦根系的生长有显著促进作用(P0.05),200 mg·L-1浓度处理与对照处理相比提高了84.3%,随着浓度增加促进作用逐渐减弱,1 000 mg·L-1时与对照相比提高了19.9%。但对小麦地上部的生长没有影响。磺化石墨烯处理的小麦幼苗根系和叶片组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)及丙二醛(MDA)都呈现先下降后上升的趋势。当磺化石墨烯浓度低于200 mg·L-1时,处理组小麦抗氧化酶的活性及MDA含量相对于对照处理大都有所降低,说明低浓度时磺化石墨烯没有对小麦的生长产生氧化胁迫,这与磺化石墨烯可能具有一定的抗氧化能力有关,而高浓度时由于产生氧化胁迫使各项生理生化指标逐渐上升。本实验结果为石墨烯材料对植物的毒理学研究提供了基础数据。     

ZrO2负载过渡金属氧化物催化剂对CO＋NO（O2）反应的影响

本文运用固定床微反技术考察了Ｃｕ,Ｆｅ,Ｍｎ,Ｃｒ,Ｃｏ和Ｎｉ负载（ＺｒＯ２载体）氧化物对ＣＯ＋ＮＯ（Ｏ２）反应的催化活性。研究了ＮＯ和ＣＯ在不同比例时,催化剂对Ｎ２Ｏ和Ｎ２生成的影响。结果表明,在ＮＯ＋ＣＯ反应中,ＮＯ和ＣＯ的比例对催化剂活性和Ｎ２Ｏ,Ｎ２生成均有明显的影响,ＣｕＯｘ／ＺｒＯ２催化剂的活性最高;Ｎ２Ｏ是ＮＯ＋ＣＯ反应的中间产物,低温或ＮＯ过量时有利于生成Ｎ２Ｏ,高温或ＮＯ不足时有     

Arsenic release from arsenic-bearing Fe-Mn binary oxide: effects of E(h) condition

Ferric and manganese binary oxide (FMBO) has been successfully used to remediate arsenic-polluted river, but there still lacks sufficient data to evaluate its effects on environments. The release behaviors of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and arsenic (As) in different E_h ranges were investigated for As-bearing FMBO sediment after remediating As-polluted DaSha River by FMBO. Under high E_h range (+550 to +400 mV), slight dissolution of Fe and Mn, which corresponded to 12.2% and 25.6%, and less than 5% of As release were observed in 336 h. Under lower E_h range (+50 to −100 mV), elevated extent of the dissolution of Mn and Fe were observed, which corresponded to as high as 61.3% and 70.1%. Under such conditions, the dissolution rate of Mn was higher than that of Fe. Furthermore, from the established relationship of As release and the dissolution of Fe and Mn, the release of As seemed dominated by the dissolution of Fe. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis demonstrated the release of Fe, Mn, As(III), and As(V) after sodium ascorbate-treatment, and the re-adsorption of As(V), as indicated from the increased binding energy of As 3d from 44.78 to 45.83 eV. Surface element composition analysis indicated significant decrease of Mn from 3.22% to 0.54%, slight increase of Fe from 12.45% to 13.67%, and elevated ratio of As from 0.11% to 0.32% accordingly. The main reactions of Fe and Mn dissolution and the pathways of As release under different E_h ranges were also proposed.     

Hydroxytyrosol, the phenolic compound of olive oil protects human PBMC against oxidative stress and DNA damage mediated by 2,3,7,8-TCDD

The protective effect of hydroxytyrosol (HT), a strong antioxidant compound from extra virgin olive oil, against TCDD induced toxicity was investigated in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). PBMC (1 × 10⁶ cells mL⁻¹) were divided into four groups and were incubated in a CO₂ incubator (5% CO₂) for 12 h with vehicle, TCDD (10 nM), TCDD + HT (10 nM + 100 μM) and HT alone (100 μM) respectively. To clarify the role of HT against TCDD induced cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and the levels of antioxidant enzymes were assessed. Incubation of PBMC with TCDD significantly decreased cell viability, catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and increased the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR) and oxidative stress markers such as lipid peroxidation products (LPO), protein carbonyl content (PCC) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Whereas, HT had an effective antioxidant property as observed by the increased cell viability, normalization of antioxidant enzymes and decreased levels of LPO, PCC and ROS in PBMC co-treated with HT and TCDD. Apoptosis detection and comet assay results shows that HT, by acting as an antioxidant, prevents the damage to DNA induced by TCDD. In addition light microscopic and histopathological observations revealed that the cells are apoptotic and degenerated during TCDD treatment, whereas cells showed intact morphology during co-treatment with HT. On the whole, the results reveal that HT exerts a promising antioxidant potential in protecting the PBMC against TCDD induced oxidative stress, which might be due to the presence of catechol moiety in its structure.     

Effects of nanoparticles on Daphnia magna population dynamics

Spherical TiO₂ nanoparticles (npTiO₂) were prepared by controlled hydrolysis of tetraethoxy orthotitanate under a nitrogen atmosphere. ZnO nanoparticles (npZnO) were prepared using hydrothermal methods. The crystal structure, chemical, thermal and morphological properties of npZnO and npTiO₂ were characterised using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer, enery-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscope techniques. The short- and long-term experiments were started with neonates taken from the same culture and laboratory condition. In the acute experiments, npTiO₂, npZnO, and cocktail concentrations were applied. 96h-LC₅₀ values were 1.8, 0.7, and 0.1?mg?L^?1, respectively (p?<?.05). For the chronic experiments, different npTiO₂ concentrations were performed. 21d-LC₅₀ value was 1.0?mgL^?1 (p?<?.05). Morphometry became progressively worse in concentrations of more than 1?mgL^?1 npTiO₂. Neonate and young individuals were more sensitive to death because of their low tolerance. This result was affected by population progeny and growth rates (p?<?.05). While control and 0.5?mgL^?1 npTiO₂ groups were determined as growing population, 1.5 and 2?mgL^?1 npTiO₂ groups had decreased population size as R₀ values. Consequently, the relationships between nanoparticle accumulation within Daphnia magna and its population structure and body morphometry for each concentration were important indicators. Its tolerance level to nanoparticles under laboratory conditions reflected its replacement and behaviour in the ecosystem.     

纳米氧化镍颗粒对长牡蛎(Crassostreagigas)抗氧化防御体系的影响

纳米氧化镍(nNiO)作为一种广泛使用的纳米颗粒,其水生毒理效应研究还很有限。为探索n Ni O对海洋贝类的毒性机制,本研究将长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)置于不同浓度(0、1、10、100 mg·L~(-1))的n Ni O中暴露96 h,分别测定鳃和消化腺组织的丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)以及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,并通过实时荧光定量PCR技术测定了鳃和消化腺中应激蛋白HSP70和AOX基因的表达变化。结果显示:在100 mg·L~(-1)n Ni O处理下,2种组织中MDA含量均显著性升高(P0.01),显示纳米颗粒造成了长牡蛎的脂质过氧化,并可能引起相应的氧化损伤。同时,n Ni O暴露也诱导了长牡蛎抗氧化酶(SOD、CAT和POD)活性的改变。其中,SOD和CAT活性在10 mg·L~(-1)浓度处理组达到最高,而POD活性在1 mg·L~(-1)浓度组即达最高值。在高浓度n Ni O(100 mg·L~(-1))胁迫下,3种抗氧化酶的活性均比低浓度(1和10 mg·L~(-1))处理组降低,表明抗氧化酶的保护作用在较低浓度暴露下更有效;而热激蛋白(hsp70)和交替氧化酶(aox)基因却分别在长牡蛎消化腺和鳃组织中上调表达(P0.01),并表现出一定的组织差异。说明高浓度纳米颗粒暴露中主要是应激蛋白发挥了作用。本文结果为纳米氧化镍对海洋双壳贝类的毒性机制研究及生态风险评估提供了基础数据。