社会资本对生态补偿绩效的影响机制研究——以锡林郭勒盟草原生态补偿为例

通过对农户开展的问卷调查分析了锡林郭勒盟草原生态补偿绩效,结果表明生态补偿绩效不容乐观,农户感受到的生态环境状况仅有小幅度的改善,消除经济激励之后农户表现出较低的参与积极性.基于结构方程模型,以农户自我发展能力和生态保护能力为中介,构建社会资本对生态补偿绩效的影响机制模型.结果表明社会资本对经济效应表现出显著负影响;对生态效应表现出显著正影响.社会网络、普遍信任、机构信任、互助倾向和惩罚程度对于经济效应影响系数分别为-0.05、-0.05、-0.01、-0.06和-0.03;对于社会效应影响系数分别为0.11、0.10、0.03、0.12和0.06;对于生态效应影响系数分别为0.36、0.33、0.09、0.38和0.19.在社会资本5项维度中互助倾向反映度最高,机构信任最低,因子载荷分别为0.77和0.19.农户自我发展能力和生态保护能力在社会资本对生态补偿绩效影响中表现出显著中介作用.     

炉渣与生物炭施加对稻田土壤铁还原菌群落结构及甲烷排放影响

为了探究炉渣及生物炭施加处理对稻田土壤铁还原菌群落结构及甲烷排放的影响,在福州某平原稻田中分别进行施加生物炭、炉渣、生物炭+炉渣3种处理,测定早、晚稻生长期稻田甲烷排放通量和可培养铁还原菌数量,并比较施加处理与不施加处理稻田土壤铁还原菌群落结构组成之间的差异.结果表明：废弃物施加能够改变稻田土壤铁还原菌数量,晚稻生物炭施加组的铁还原菌数量显著高于其他3组（P<0.05）;废弃物施加在一定程度上抑制了稻田土壤甲烷的排放,其中早稻混合施加组对甲烷排放的降低作用最为明显;福州平原稻田土壤中铁还原菌种类丰富,分布于10个门,其中厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）和变形菌门（Proteobacteria）为优势菌门相对丰度占比之和大于95%.共鉴定出20个属,其中相对丰度较高的菌属为芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）、厌氧粘细菌属（Anaeromyxobacter）、梭状芽孢杆菌属（Clostridium）等10个属,占样品中已知铁还原菌属的62.07%~66.58%;生物炭和炉渣主要通过改变土壤pH值及含水量影响稻田土壤铁还原菌群落结构,混合施加的影响比单一施加更为显著;芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）的相对丰度与稻田土壤甲烷的排放通量呈显著负相关,是稻田中抑制甲烷产生与排放的主要铁还原菌属.     

防灾工程动态投资决策方法初探

本文提出了防灾工程的抗力、灾损度和灾害的灾度、灾害势以及动态决策准则等概念,基于现代控制理论,初步建立了防灾工程动态投资决策的一般方法,并对其进行了理论分析和研究。这里的决策包括防灾工程的初始投资(或设防水平)决策及其防灾规划期(或寿命期)内的防灾减灾维护投资(或维护水平)决策.文中还给出了算例,对上述方法进行了应用。算例结果表明,本文提出的防灾工程动态投资决策方法具有比较显著的经济效益。     

不同警告方式下驾驶人应激反应能力模拟试验研究

为研究在道路突发危险场景下先进驾驶辅助系统的不同警告方式对驾驶人应激反应能力的影响，利用自主开发的驾驶人应激反应能力测试软件，以计算机模拟与驾驶模拟器为试验平台，以实际驾驶视频为试验场景，选取操作准确率和反应时间为测试指标，分析不同警告方式下驾驶人的应激反应能力。研究结果表明:视觉警告可有效缩短应激反应时间；视听觉组合警告中，视觉警告占主导作用，听觉警告起辅助作用；在真实场景视频试验环境下，驾驶模拟器模拟试验的操作效果优于计算机模拟试验。     

采空区注超临界CO2防灭火试验研究

为研究超临界CO₂注入采空区防灭火的规律,自主研制了产生超临界CO₂和模拟采空区遗煤自燃升温试验系统,得到了不同温压条件下超临界CO₂注入采空区前后不同监测点的温度、O₂和CO浓度变化数据信息。试验结果表明:注入采空区的超临界CO₂发生相变,有序结构急速失序,大量吸收热量,采空区内的煤体、空气温度随时间呈线性快速下降规律,其降温能力是气态N₂的10倍;超临界CO₂在自燃发火煤体中的强渗透扩散特性,使自燃煤体快速惰化,防灭火效率高;停止注入后,小范围回温符合反二次函数特征;高压力超临界CO₂相对于低压条件,防灭火性能更佳;超临界CO₂是1种降温降氧能力显著,且输送性能优良的采空区新型防灭火材料,超临界CO₂防灭火效果优于气态N₂。     

What limits predator detection in blue tits (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Parus caeruleus</Emphasis>): posture,task or orientation?

To detect threats and reduce predation risk prey animals need to be alert. Early predator detection and rapid anti-predatory action increase the likelihood of survival. We investigated how foraging affects predator detection and time to take-off in blue tits (Parus caeruleus) by subjecting them to a simulated raptor attack. To investigate the impact of body posture we compared birds feeding head-down with birds feeding head-up, but could not find any effect of posture on either time to detection or time to take-off. To investigate the impact of orientation we compared birds having their side towards the attacking predator with birds having their back towards it. Predator detection, but not time to take-off, was delayed when the back was oriented towards the predator. We also investigated the impact of foraging task by comparing birds that were either not foraging, foraging on chopped mealworms, or foraging on whole ones. Foraging on chopped mealworms did not delay detection compared to nonforaging showing that foraging does not always restrict vigilance. However, detection was delayed more than 150% when the birds were foraging on whole, live mealworms, which apparently demanded much attention and handling skill. Time to take-off was affected by foraging task in the same way as detection was. We show that when studying foraging and vigilance one must include the difficulty of the foraging task and prey orientation.Communicated by P.A. Bednekoff     

Heritability of the algal-foraging ability: an indirect benefit of female mate preference for males' carotenoid-based coloration in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata

Several sexual selection theories assume certain benefits of female mate preference. The direct benefit, i.e., the direct contribution from males to their offspring and females, has been well tested empirically. However, the indirect benefit, i.e., the male's genetic contribution to their offspring, has been poorly demonstrated. Female preference for males' carotenoid-based coloration is known in some animals. Since animals must acquire carotenoids through foods, it is often hypothesized that the brightness of the carotenoid-based coloration is a reliable indicator of the male's foraging ability. Hence, females' indirect benefits, such as greater foraging ability in their offspring, through mate preference for the carotenoid-based coloration are assumed. However, the heritability of the foraging ability for foods that serve as carotenoid resources has not been tested. In this study, a maze experiment was performed in guppies (Poecilia reticulata) to examine the heritability of the foraging ability for algae, carotenoid resources in nature. The latency for completing algal-foraging tasks in this experiment showed high individual variation. Heritable estimates of the foraging ability were substantial (h ² = 0.57 – 0.66) and significant, suggesting a genetic contribution to the foraging ability from fathers to their offspring. This result may support the hypothesis that indirect benefits influence the evolution of female choice.     

能源甘蔗主要经济和光合性状的遗传分析

以 4× 5不完全双列杂交 (NcII)衍生的 2 0个家系实生苗为材料 ,对其主要经济和光合性状的遗传力和配合力进行分析 .结果表明 :(1)锤度、株高和茎径的遗传主要由加性基因效应引起 ,而丛有效茎数、丛重、锤重和地上部鲜重的遗传主要由非加性基因效应引起 ;(2 )配合力分析表明 ,CP84 / 1198、CP74 / 383、崖 90 / 3、桂 73/ 16 7和科 5各性状 gca较大 ,是较好的高生物量高光效亲本 ,CP84 / 1198×Ya 90 / 3、CP85 / 14 32×桂 73/ 16 7、CP74 / 383×桂 73/ 16 7、CP85 /14 32×科 5各性状sca和tca较大 ,为较好的高生物量高光效组合 ;(3)茎径、锤度和丛重母本gca方差大于父本 gca方差 ,丛有效茎数、锤度和地上部鲜重的广义遗传力在 5 0 %以上 .表 7参 16     

COD_(Cr)测定中排除氯离子干扰的进一步探讨

废水中化学需氧量的测定采用重铬酸钾法［１］,大多数情况下都存在Ｃｌ－干扰,其排除方法用ＨｇＳＯ４掩蔽,通过实验探讨不用剧毒药品ＨｇＳＯ４掩蔽Ｃｌ－的干扰,而用ＣＯＤＣｒ总量减去Ｃｌ－的量。实验结果表明：当测定化学需氧量较低而Ｃｌ－含量高的水样时,即使采用掩蔽Ｃｌ－也会产生较大的误差,而用测定值减去０．２２６［Ｃｌ－］之值更接近真值。     

薄膜级碳酸钙可焚烧母料的环保性能的探讨

采用 12 5 0目以上的碳酸钙填充料、铝酸酯偶联剂、焚烧热氧降解剂、生物活性剂等助剂制备的可焚烧PE母料 ,吹制成购物袋和垃圾袋。经人工加速老化实验、户外曝晒实验后 ,用红外光谱、高效液相色谱、热 红联用仪等对其综合环保性能进行表征 ,实验结果表明 ,该薄膜适应于垃圾的焚烧处理 ,特别是对促进塑料的快速完全燃烧和降低尾气中有害气体的含量 ,具有积极的意义 ,可用于装盛焚烧发电垃圾