ERIC-PCR:一种快速鉴别环境细菌菌株的方法

以 Ｅ Ｒ Ｉ Ｃ（ 肠杆菌基因间共有重多序列） 序列设计的特异引物对３ 株大肠杆菌、３ 株软腐欧氏杆菌、２ 株草生欧氏杆菌、１ 株梨火疫欧氏杆菌、１ 株催娩克氏菌、１ 株阴沟肠杆菌和９ 株具有降酚能力的细菌等２０ 种细菌的基因组 Ｄ Ｎ Ａ 进行 Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ 分析．每种菌株均存在数目不等的各自独特的带型,能够区分同一种类中极为相近的菌株．经多次重复,各特异性扩增的主要带型能重复稳定出现．聚类分析的结果表明,供试菌株多数按照分类地位归到相应的组中．９ 种具有降酚能力的细菌中,２ 种分离自处理焦化废水池活性污泥,７ 种来自土壤样品． Ｅ Ｒ Ｉ Ｃ Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ 指纹图显示,前２ 种属于一类,都有一条大小约１ ．１ ｋｂ 的主带,其它７ 种土壤中分离出来的细菌除其中１ 种有１ 条约１ ．２ ｋｂ 大小的主带外,其余６ 种都有１ 条大小约１ ．４ ｋｂ 的带．聚类分析将从土壤中分离出来的细菌归为３ 种不同的类型． Ｅ Ｒ Ｉ Ｃ Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ 可以从分子水平对细菌基因组进行快速指纹图分析,在对环境细菌分离物进行快速鉴定和归类等方面具有实用价值     

光合细菌促菠菜生长机理初探

对光合细菌（ Ｐ Ｓ Ｂ） 菌液经稀释后喷施叶面可促进菠菜生长的机理进行了初步研究,发现施用 Ｐ Ｓ Ｂ 菌液后,可使菠菜叶中叶绿素含量增加１０ ．５５ ％ ,使 Ｃ Ｏ２ 的吸收率和光合强度分别提高６１ ．９９ ％ 、１３ ．８ ％ ,使二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶（ Ｒ Ｕ Ｂ Ｐ） 活力增强３４ 倍． Ｐ Ｓ Ｂ菌液还可改变地壤中微生物菌群的组成：细菌、固氮菌、放线菌数量增多,真菌量减少．提示：光合细菌是通过提高菠菜自身的光合效率及增加土壤肥力来起到促生长作用的．     

室外空气细菌群落特征研究进展

着重论述了空气细菌的来源、粒子特征、群落特征、浓度的时空变化及其群落结构的影响因素.国内外研究结果表明:空气细菌主要来源于自然界的土壤、动植物、人类和水体,另外一些非自然的人类活动也是其重要来源;空气细菌的粒径主要在 0. 3~15. 0μm间变化,海岸边细菌气溶胶的粒径相对较小,而其他地方 84%或更多的细菌粒子的粒径≥2. 1μm;空气中革兰氏阳性细菌占绝大多数,无论在森林、海岸、城市还是乡村,芽孢杆菌 (Bacillus)都是优势菌属;一年中空气细菌浓度夏季最高,冬季最低,一天中则可以明显的划分为 5个阶段: (ⅰ )午夜细菌浓度最低, (ⅱ )日出时细菌浓度达到高峰, (ⅲ)正午细菌浓度积累逐渐上升, (ⅳ)下午后期细菌浓度降低, (ⅴ )晚上到午夜细菌浓度较低;人类活动频繁,动植物较多的地方空气细菌浓度较高.此外,空气细菌不仅与各种环境因素有关,还受到各种污染因子的影响. 表 2参 53     

Performance and Environmental Impact of Biodegradable Films in Agriculture: A Field Study on Protected Cultivation

The performance, the degradability in soil and the environmental impact of biodegradable starch-based soil mulching and low tunnel films were assessed by means of field and laboratory tests. The lifetime of the biodegradable mulches was 9 months and of the biodegradable low-tunnel films 6 months. The radiometric properties of the biodegradable films influenced positively the microclimate: air temperature under the biodegradable low tunnel films was 2 °C higher than under the low density polyethylene films, resulting in an up to 20% higher yield of strawberries. At the end of the cultivation period, the biodegradable mulches were broken up and buried in the field soil together with the plant residues. One year after burial, less than 4% of the initial weight of the biodegradable film was found in the soil. According to ecotoxicity tests, the kinetic luminescent bacteria test with Vibrio fischeri and the Enchytraeus albidus ISO/CD 16387 reproduction potential, there was no evidence of ecotoxicity in the soil during the biodegradation process. Furthermore, there was no change in the diversity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in the soil determined on the basis of the appearance of amoA gene diversity in denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis.     

生物强化技术处理难降解有机污染物的研究进展

阐述了生物强化技术的原理,概括了旧内外有关生物强化技术处理难降解有机污染物的应用实例及效果。介绍了生物强化技术应用中有关高效降解菌和生物强化菌剂的研究与开发现状,进一步讨论了应用生物强化技术的主要控制参数,展望了生物强化技术的发展方向。     

养殖水体复合功能菌的分离及其性能

针对养殖水体中因氨态氮、硫化氢和小分子有机酸富营养化引起的污染问题,分离筛选出硝化细菌、反硝化细菌、光合细菌、硫化细菌和生物絮凝菌等具有不同生理功能的污染物治理菌株,经优化配伍制备出性能优良的复合功能菌,结果表明:硝化细菌对氨态氮的去除率达97.8%,亚硝态氮的去除率达95.7%,反硝化细菌对硝态氮的去除率为96.4%,光合细菌和硫化细菌对硫化氢的去除率为55%,微生物絮凝菌的絮凝效率为83%;复合功能菌对CODCr、NH4+-N,总氮、硫化物的去除率分别可达94.3%,89.6%,88.7%和71.3%。     

The effects of different carbon sources on microbial mediation of arsenic in arsenic-contaminated sediment

Changes in speciation and mobility of As by indigenous bacteria in As-contaminated sediments (339 mg/kg) from an abandoned Au–Ag mine area in Korea were investigated after biostimulation with a variety of carbon sources, including acetate, lactate and glucose in batch experiments. Sequential extraction analysis designed to determine the form of As occurrence revealed that 40 and 47% of As were present in the sediment as Fe-associated and residual fractions, respectively. After 22-day incubation with acetate and lactate, the presence of indigenous bacteria increased the amount of total dissolved As from both Fe-associated and residual fractions in the sediment. More than 99% of dissolved As existed as As(V) in biotic slurries in contrast to sterile controls (less than 50% of total dissolved As), which indicated that indigenous bacteria transformed some dissolved As(III) to As(V). In real environments, depending on the pH, microbially-produced aqueous As(V) may be either immobilized through adsorption or reduced to As(III) after migration to the anoxic subsurface.     

一种新厌氧氨氧化菌的16S rRNA基因序列测试

运用序批式试验测定厌氧氨氧化污泥的氨氮和亚硝态氮消耗量,求得厌氧氨氧化活性为9.84×10-4 mg·(mg·h)-1,厌氧氨氧化菌消耗NO-2-N与NJ 4-N之比为1.311;采用分子生物学方法从EGSB反应器颗粒污泥中提取细菌总DNA,经纯化、特异引物PCR扩增、克隆、测序等过程,得到厌氧氨氧化菌部分16S rDNA序列;通过系统发育树分析可以发现,在EGSB反应器中富集得到的厌氧氨氧化菌种(anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing Planctomycete cquenviron-1)与Candidatus"Anammoxoglobus propionicus"和Candidatus"Jettenia asiatica"同属,arnaerobic ammonium-oxidizing Planctomycete cquenviron-1与其他厌氧氨氧化菌基因序列的同源性最大为93%.结果表明,前期EGSB反应器富集得到了一种新型厌氧氨氧化菌,该菌株命名为anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing Planctomycete cquenviron-1.     

锅炉量化管理是企业挖潜节能的重要途径

通过对辽河油田公司有关企业开展清洁生产审核,总结出了燃料锅炉量化管理的方法。在自然对流烘干室改造、碱液浓缩炉改造、燃煤锅炉设计效率核准等实例中,该方法可昭示能耗大的"瓶颈"部位,进而为企业制定节能方案、提出具体的节能改造措施提供了科学依据。实践证明:实施锅炉量化管理是企业挖掘节能潜力的重要途径。     

厌氧氨氧化菌与其他细菌之间的协同竞争关系

随着污水脱氮行业的蓬勃发展,各种新工艺、新理论层出不穷.厌氧氨氧化(Anammox)工艺以其独特的优点脱颖而出,成为最具应用前景的新工艺.厌氧氨氧化菌作为该过程的执行者目前已发现5属17种,本文主要对5属17种的厌氧氨氧化菌进行总结,并对厌氧氨氧化菌种内关系中的群体感应系统进行详细介绍,此外还介绍了厌氧氨氧化菌与硝化菌、反硝化菌以及厌氧甲烷氧化菌之间的协同与竞争关系.最后给出常见竞争因素对厌氧氨氧化种群结构的影响,通过控制竞争因素来实现对厌氧氨氧化种群结构的调节.本文将厌氧氨氧化菌微生物生态学与厌氧氨氧化污水处理工艺相结合,为厌氧氨氧化工艺在污水生物处理中的应用提供理论依据.