直链烷基苯磺酸钠在厌氧-缺氧-好氧污水处理系统中的迁移转化规律

研究了城市污水处理系统对直链烷基苯磺酸钠（LAS）的去除特性.在厌氧-缺氧-好氧条件下,进行了相应的序批式试验,确定了水相和泥相中LAS降解的动力学参数,建立了LAS在厌氧-缺氧-好氧状态下的去除动力学模型（考虑吸附作用）,并对模型预测的结果与实际测量值进行了比较.结果表明,在不同的泥龄下,LAS 在AAO系统中去除率达到99%,出水中只含微量的LAS（0～20　μg·L^-1）.厌氧池、缺氧池及好氧池LAS污泥吸附量分别为490～710、280～390、69～109　μg·g^-1.序批式动力学降解试验还表明,厌氧去除速率系数K_厌、缺氧的去除速率系数K_缺与好氧的去除速率常数的比值分别为0.67和0.71,说明在同一污泥系统的厌氧和缺氧条件下,LAS也能被较好的降解.模型得到的各池混合液出水中LAS的浓度模拟结果与实测结果符合较好(误差<8%).     

A comparison of numerical solutions of partial differential equations with probabilistic and possibilistic parameters for the quantification of uncertainty in subsurface solute transport

Traditionally, uncertainty in parameters are represented as probabilistic distributions and incorporated into groundwater flow and contaminant transport models. With the advent of newer uncertainty theories, it is now understood that stochastic methods cannot properly represent non random uncertainties. In the groundwater flow and contaminant transport equations, uncertainty in some parameters may be random, whereas those of others may be non random. The objective of this paper is to develop a fuzzy-stochastic partial differential equation (FSPDE) model to simulate conditions where both random and non random uncertainties are involved in groundwater flow and solute transport. Three potential solution techniques namely, (a) transforming a probability distribution to a possibility distribution (Method I) then a FSPDE becomes a fuzzy partial differential equation (FPDE), (b) transforming a possibility distribution to a probability distribution (Method II) and then a FSPDE becomes a stochastic partial differential equation (SPDE), and (c) the combination of Monte Carlo methods and FPDE solution techniques (Method III) are proposed and compared. The effects of these three methods on the predictive results are investigated by using two case studies. The results show that the predictions obtained from Method II is a specific case of that got from Method I. When an exact probabilistic result is needed, Method II is suggested. As the loss or gain of information during a probability–possibility (or vice versa) transformation cannot be quantified, their influences on the predictive results is not known. Thus, Method III should probably be preferred for risk assessments.     

开发区的“第三次创业”:从工业园走向新城——以苏州工业园转型为例

开发区是全球化时代出现的新产业空间。开发区在我国经济发展和改革开放中,发挥了重要作用。理论界将我国开发区发展阶段总结为一次创业和二次创业两个阶段,但是目前我国开发区普遍出现了从工业园向新城区转型的趋向。从企业家型城市的理论视角,通过对苏州工业园发展与转型的实证研究,论证开发区建设进入第三次创业的新阶段———即从工业园向城市新区的转变。在新一轮转型中,苏州工业园实施了企业家的城市策略,采取了园区再定位、创造新城市空间等企业家城市行动,园区的新城功能和第三产业得到迅速发展。同时,研究也发现园区管委会的管治体系发生了根本变化,从促进经济增长管理向社会和城市综合管理转型。该研究将对我国新一轮开发区的转型具有重要启示。     

有机磷通过弱透水层的迁移转化规律研究

在地下水超量开采区,上层劣质潜水可以越过弱透水层补给承压水.有机磷能否随水迁移进入深层地下水构成水质污染是极为关注的问题.采用施压条件下将一定浓度的有机磷溶液渗透通过粘性土柱的模拟实验,对有机磷在饱和粘性土层中降解转化的各种因子及其影响机制进行分析,探讨有机磷在弱透水层环境中的降解转化和迁移的规律.结果表明:(1)粘性...     

安徽省旅游业转型升级研究——以承接长三角产业转移为例

旅游业作为我国国民经济发展战略性支柱产业的提出,促使各地区进一步加快发展旅游业的步伐。产业转移作为调整产业结构、促进经济发展的重要方式,在旅游业转型升级过程中起到了一定的推动作用。安徽省旅游资源丰富,但总体发展水平不高。通过与长三角地区旅游业发展状况的比较,找出安徽省旅游业发展中的不足之处,分析安徽省旅游业承接产业转移的原因及挑战,并提出相应对策。     

Landscape–seascape dynamics in the isthmus between S?rkapp Land and the rest of Spitsbergen: Will a new big Arctic island form?

Transformation of the glaciated isthmus between Sørkapp Land and the rest of Spitsbergen since 1900 is described. The landscape–seascape dynamics depends on the glacial recession determined by climate warming after the Little Ice Age (i.e., since the beginning of the twentieth century, and especially since the 1980s). The isthmus has been narrowed from 28 km in 1899–1900 to 6.2 km in 2013, and lowered by 60–200 m from 1936 to 2005. Two isthmus’ glaciers will have melted, given the current thermic conditions, by 2030–2035. It cannot be ruled out that Sørkapp Land will become an island after that period, because the altitude of the glaciers’ bedrock is close to the sea level. The disappearance of this huge ice mass, even without origin of a sound and island, will lead to a great transformation of the landscape and the ecosystem.     

Synthesis and antifungal activity of 2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one derivatives

A series of 2-alkyl-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-ones (4a-l) was easily synthesized by two-step process involving O-alkylation of 2-nitrophenols with methyl 2-bromoalkanoates and next “green” catalytic reductive cyclization of the obtained 2-nitro ester intermediates (3a-l). Further, 6,7-dibromo (5a-c) and N-acetyl (6) derivatives were prepared by bromination and acetylation of unsubstituted 2-alkyl-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-ones (4a-c). The novel compounds (3a-l, 4d-l, 5a-c and 6) were fully characterized by spectroscopic methods (MS, ¹H and ¹³C NMR). 2-Alkyl-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-ones (4a-l, 5a-c and 6) were screened for antifungal activity. Preliminary assays were performed using two methods: in vitro against seven phytopathogenic fungi—Botrytis cinerea, Phythophtora cactorum, Rhizoctonia solani, Phoma betae, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium oxysporum and Alternaria alternata—and in vivo against barley powdery mildew Blumeria graminis. The tested compounds displayed moderate to good antifungal activity at high concentration (200 mg L^?1). The most potent compounds were 2-ethyl-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (4a), 2-ethyl-7-fluoro-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (4g) and 4-acetyl-2-ethyl-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (6), which completely inhibited the mycelial growth of seven agricultural fungi at the concentration of 200 mg L^?1 in the in vitro tests. Moreover, 2-ethyl-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (4a) and 4-acetyl-2-ethyl-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (6) were also screened for antifungal activity at concentrations of 100 mg L^?1 and 20 mg L^?1. In the concentration of 100 mg L^?1, the N-acetyl derivative (6) completely inhibited the growth of three strains of fungi (F. culmorum, P. cactorum and R. solani), while 2-ethyl-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (4a) completely inhibited only R. solani strain. At the concentration of 20 mg L^?1, compound 6 showed good activity only against P. cactorum strain (72%).     

土地处理系统表层土壤中磷赋存形态及其转化过程

以在江淮地区典型经济欠发达村镇(忠庙)构建的化粪池-土地处理系统为对象,研究了土地处理系统表层土壤中磷赋存形态及其转化过程。结果表明,土地处理系统表层土壤中TP含量在149.2～159.4 mg/kg之间,且在运行实验后其含量有所增加。在磷赋存形态方面,Ca-P占TP含量的百分比最高,达到33.1%,随后依次为Ex-P、Org-P、Fe-P和Oc-P,分别为26.1%、19.6%、14.2%和7.0%;在磷活性方面,活性磷(Ex-P和Fe-P)占TP含量的百分比较大,在运行实验后由38.0%增至40.3%,可能是由于惰性磷(Oc-P、Ca-P和Org-P)转化所致,而Org-P矿化速率大于其累积速率。相关性分析表明,除Ca-P外,其他各形态磷均与土壤pH不相关,而Org-P与OM、TP、Ex-P和Ca-P均呈正相关。     

固化/稳定化处理污泥填埋气液转化模式

固化/稳定化污泥进行填埋产生填埋气,产气规律是指导填埋气收集处理系统设计的重要依据。通过构建大型填埋柱模拟填埋实验,研究不同固化材料添加量污泥气液转化规律。实验结果表明,原泥和固化污泥产气规律分为2种类型:前期产气速率呈线性增加,达到最大速率后产气速率呈指数降低。低添加量的固化污泥,产气分3个阶段,分别为产气抑制期、增长期和衰减期。高添加量固化污泥,产气只有一个阶段,产气速率随着时间推移逐渐减小,产气量很小。固化污泥降解过程就是有机质含量降低,气体产量、含水率增加相互转化过程,达到固化材料添加量25%时,水分和气体产生量均很小,降解受到很强抑制,产气150 d左右稳定,产气量很小,无需单独设置气体收集系统。     

资源型城市转型升级:压力测算与方向选择

在绿色增长理念和“分类引导、特色发展”的指导原则下,如何科学地识别资源型城市经济可持续增长的压力,从而确定未来转型升级方向,是引导资源型城市摆脱传统发展模式的关键。本文在绿色增长的理论框架下构建了资源型城市转型升级的能源节约、附加值提升和环境友好三维空间,从方向向量内生化、引入相对距离和外生权重三个方面对方向距离函数加以改进,提出资源型城市转型升级压力的测算方法,讨论了经济可持续发展的方向选择问题,进而以2008—2016年中国283个城市(包括115个资源型城市和168个非资源型城市)为样本进行了实证检验。结果发现:①资源型城市的绿色全要素生产率水平在0.4~0.5区间内,明显低于非资源型城市;②根据修正后的转型升级压力测算结果,考虑能源和环境因素后资源型城市转型升级压力巨大,80%以上处于中效区和低效区,49个城市选择单向转型,53个城市选择多向转型;③来自不同地理区位和成长阶段的测算结果表明,东部资源型城市的绿色生产率水平最高,东北地区要致力于附加值提升和节约能源,衰退型资源型城市应选择多向转型,不同主导资源型产业的城市则需因地制宜,选择差异化的转型升级策略。