稀土矿废弃地植被恢复过程中土壤微生物演变

以福建长汀典型离子型稀土矿堆浸冶炼废弃地作为研究对象，采取"空间代时间"的方法，对堆浸废弃地不同植物恢复年限样地土壤理化性质及微生物进行调查测定，分析植物恢复对稀土矿堆浸废弃地土壤理化特性及微生物的影响.结果表明：在植被恢复第3a和4a土壤理化性质显著高于未治理废弃地，但仍显著低于矿区周边未开采对照（P<0.05）.植被恢复年4a以后，长汀稀土矿废弃地土壤理化性质则呈下降趋势，但仍显著高于未治理废弃地（P<0.05）.长汀稀土矿堆浸废弃地不同植被恢复年限土壤细菌丰度及多样存在一定差异.随植被恢复年限的增加，土壤细菌多样性及丰度降低，但一些特殊细菌群如γ-变形菌纲（Gammaproteobacteria）、a-变形杆菌纲（Alphaproteobacteria）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、蓝藻菌门（Cyanobacteria）等在不同植被恢复年限样地中其相对丰度明显增加.具有固氮作用的蓝藻菌门（Cyanobacteria）随着植被恢复年限的增加，其相对丰度降低.广古菌门（Euryarchaeota）仅存在于未开采对照样地；土壤寡营养细菌酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）随植被恢复年限的增加，相对丰度呈增大趋势.土壤中优势菌群广古菌门（Euryarchaeota）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）、β-变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、Methanobacterium属、罗尔斯通菌属（Ralstonia）与土壤pH、全磷、全钾、速效磷等呈正相关.土壤pH值、全磷、全钾等是影响广古菌门（Euryarchaeota）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）等细菌菌群多样性及相对丰度变化的重要因素.以上结果表明，离子型稀土矿堆浸废弃地植被恢复治理到3~4a时，应采取防治措施对其进行人工抚育管理，否则可能会出现前期恢复后期退化的问题.     

中国与东盟贸易的环境效应及其关键社会经济因子影响分析

为识别和量化国际贸易的环境效应,推动绿色“一带一路”建设,基于环境经济投入产出模型,利用贸易和污染物排放强度数据,核算了中国与东盟进出口贸易中包含的环境成本,并利用冗余分析探索了影响环境成本的主要社会经济因子.结果表明:①2010年中国与东盟的贸易期间,中国在工业废气、烟尘、二氧化硫、固体废物的排放上存在污染逆差,分别为3 600×108 m3、3.8×104 t、19.7×104 t和9.8×104 t;但在工业废水和粉尘的排放上存在顺差,分别为5 400×104和1.1×104 t.②重度污染产业贸易均呈污染顺差,中度污染产业贸易的污染逆差最大,轻度污染产业贸易呈现较小的污染顺差.③中国与东盟中低收入国家的贸易造成污染顺差,而与中高收入国家的贸易则实现了污染逆差.④冗余分析结果显示,影响我国进口贸易中环境成本的主要因子为城市化率和工业产值占GDP比重,说明我国从东盟发达的工业国进口了含大量环境成本的工业品,而影响我国出口贸易中环境成本的主要因子为出口额,表明我国向欠发达国家出口了大量的初级工业品.因此,我国应加强技术创新,提高污染排放标准,减少重度污染产业的污染排放强度,同时优化出口结构,避免成为“污染避难所”.      

有机污染物对杭州湾海域浮游细菌群落的影响

杭州湾海域剧烈的人为干扰及大量的陆源输入,导致有机物污染严重,是我国近海污染最严重的海域之一.微生物在污染物降解过程中发挥着关键作用并能作为评价污染程度的生物标记,但对于浮游细菌群落如何响应有机污染物尚不清楚.因此,本研究从杭州湾采集了13个站点的表层水样(水表下0.5 m),并采集了邻近外海8个站点的水样作为对照,利用Illumina Mi Seq测序技术测定细菌16S rRNA基因,研究不同有机污染程度对浮游细菌群落的影响.结果表明杭州湾有机污染值A(13.2±1.6)显著(P0.001)高于邻近外海(5.4±3.0),且两区域浮游细菌分布和多样性存在显著差异.杭州湾浮游细菌群落优势菌群为γ-变形菌纲(γ-Proteobacteria,24.4%±5.5%)、α-变形菌纲(α-Proteobacteria,16.5%±7.7%)和浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes,13.9%±8.6%),邻近海域主要优势菌群为蓝细菌(Cyanobacteria,20.1%±7.5%)、拟杆菌(Bacteroidetes,18.4%±1.5%)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria,17.5%±4.2%)、γ-变形菌纲(16.6%±1.2%)和α-变形菌纲(14.3%±1.7%).多元回归树(multivariate regression tree,MRT)分析表明:悬浮颗粒(suspended particulates,SP)、亚硝酸盐(NO-2)、油污(oil)、有机污染是影响浮游细菌群落多样性的最主要因素,分别解释了22.0%、6.5%、6.0%和5.5%的多样性变异.冗余分析(redundancy analysis,RDA)表明:驱动浮游细菌群落变异的环境因子有机污染、化学需氧量(COD)、叶绿素a(Chla)、总氮(TN)、硝酸盐(NO-3)和盐度对物种分布的总解释量为71.0%,而有机污染作为单因子控制了6.5%的群落变异,高于其它单一因子.此外,采用指示值方法共挑选出了35个敏感物种,这些物种相对丰度与有机污染显著相关,可用来指示近海有机污染水平.综上,浮游细菌群落对环境污染敏感,为评价海洋有机污染水平提供了敏感的生物学指标.     

贵州百花水库浮游藻类功能群时空分布特征及影响因子分析

为了探究百花水库浮游藻类功能群时空分布特征及其环境影响因子,于2012年11月（枯水期）、2013年4月（平水期）和2013年7月（丰水期）对浮游藻类群落结构与水环境理化指标进行采样分析.基于浮游藻类功能群、综合营养状态指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、RDA（冗余分析）等方法,分析浮游藻类功能群的群落组成和时空分布特征.结果表明:①共鉴定浮游藻类7门67属58种,其可划分为21个功能群.浮游藻类丰度从枯水期→平水期→丰水期递增,分别为131.99×104、592.27×104、53 140.81×104 L-1.②根据浮游藻类丰度,B功能群小环藻（Cyclotella sp.）,J功能群栅藻（Scenedesmus sp.）、盘星藻（Pediastrum sp.）、空星藻（Coelastrum sp.）,P功能群颗粒直链藻（Melosira granulate）、鼓藻（Penium sp.）,S1功能群湖泊假鱼腥藻（Pseudanabaena limnetica）、湖丝藻（Limnothrix sp.）为优势功能群;浮游藻类功能群季节变化明显,其时空分布特征（枯水期→平水期→丰水期,下同）为P+B+J→J+P→S1.在垂直层面上,枯水期以硅藻组成的P、B功能群在各采样点底层藻类丰度达到最大,中层和底层丰度远高于表层,与P、B类群耐受低光的因素有关;平水期以绿藻组成的J功能群在各采样点15 m藻类丰度达到峰值,与J类群耐受低光的因素有关;丰水期以蓝藻组成的S1功能群在各水层表层藻类丰度达到最大,与S1适宜较高水温的因素有关.③RDA分析结果表明,WT（水温）是影响百花水库浮游藻类时空分布的主要环境因子.研究显示,根据浮游藻类绝对优势功能群（P、B、J、S1）以及不同季节生长策略（R/CR/CR→CR/R→R）可以判定百花水库处于中-富营养化状态.      

Ambient noise, motor fatigue, and serial redundancy in chaffinch song

Many animal signals are performed in a highly redundant manner as in some bird species where males sing several renditions of one song type before switching to another. However, differences in signal redundancy between contexts and between individuals are only poorly understood. We found that chaffinches (Fringilla coelebs) in noisier areas (i.e., close to waterfalls and torrents) sang longer bouts of the same song type before switching to a new type, suggesting that they use increased serial redundancy to get the message across in noisy conditions. This is the first evidence of a noise-dependent adjustment of signal redundancy in a songbird. In addition, we found that song types with faster trills were sung in shorter bouts suggesting that the performance of highly redundant song series is probably limited by motor constraints. Thus, in noisy environments, serial redundancy in bird song may reflect a trade-off between successful signal transmission and preventing motor fatigue.     

Effects of Local Disturbance of Tropical Forests on Frugivores and Seed Removal of a Small-Seeded Afrotropical Tree

Abstract:  Small-scale, local disturbance of tropical forests, for example from selective logging, is widespread, but its effects on biodiversity and ecosystem function have rarely been studied. In 3 East African tropical rainforests, we investigated the effect of different levels of local forest disturbance on the frugivore community and on tree visitation and fruit removal rates of the small-seeded tree Celtis durandii. We quantified birds and primates in little and heavily disturbed sites, distinguishing between forest specialists, forest generalists, and forest visitors. We quantified frugivorous tree visitors and seed removal rates of C. durandii trees in the same sites. Forest disturbance reduced the species richness and density of the frugivore community and of forest specialists. Frugivorous species and individuals visiting the study trees were reduced significantly, which led to a marginally significant decline in fruit removal by all frugivores and a significant reduction in removal by forest specialists. Reduction in fruit removal by forest specialists was not compensated for by increases in removal by forest generalists or visitors. Results did not differ among the 3 rainforests, which suggests they were consistent at a regional scale. So local forest disturbance led to a loss of frugivores and their seed removal services. This suggests that large-seeded tree species and trees with small fruits are losing seed dispersers. Thus, local forest disturbance appears to have a more general negative impact on frugivores and their seed dispersal services than anticipated previously.     

不同水源补给河流浮游植物群落结构特征及其与环境因子的关系

为探究不同水源补给河流浮游植物群落结构的差异,于2019年5~11月对北京市北运河水系和永定河水系7条河流进行逐月采样调查,分析不同水源补给河流浮游植物群落结构特征,并采用相关性分析和冗余分析（RDA）探究浮游植物群落与环境因子之间的关系.结果表明,7条河流共监测到9门127种浮游植物,硅藻、绿藻和蓝藻为优势种群,分别占种类总数的40.94%、34.65%和10.24%.浮游植物密度介于（0.24~169.14）×10⁶ cell·L^-1之间,均值为38.20×10⁶ cell·L^-1,生物量介于0.21~78.50 mg·L^-1之间,均值为16.49 mg·L^-1.浮游植物种类、密度和生物量均表现为：混合水源补给组>完全再生水补给组>无再生水补给组.浮游植物生物多样性指数H''均值介于1.56~2.18之间,均匀度指数J均值介于0.47~0.67之间,H''和J均表现为：无再生水补给组>混合水源补给组>完全再生水补给组.RDA排序结果表明,影响混合水源补给组浮游植物优势种的主要环境因子为DOC、pH、Chla、DO和TP,影响无再生水补给组和完全再生水补给组优势种的主要环境因子为TN、NH₄⁺-N、N/P和ORP.     

流溪河大型底栖动物群落结构及其影响因素

为了探究流溪河大型底栖动物的群落结构特征和关键影响因素,于2016年4月(平水期)、7月(丰水期)和11月(枯水期)对流溪河的14个采样断面进行了生态调查,共鉴定出133种大型底栖动物,隶属于55科127属。大型底栖动物平均密度和生物量分别为213 ind./m²和20.02 g/m²,寡毛类和水生昆虫的密度占优势,软体动物的生物量占优势。此外,结果表明流溪河大型底栖动物群落结构具有明显的时空变化。在空间方面,从上游至下游大型底栖动物种类数呈现逐渐减少的趋势,并且支流的大型底栖动物种类数高于干流；从上游至下游大型底栖动物密度和生物量变化无规律,支流大型底栖动物的密度明显高于干流,而生物量却明显低于干流；上游的大型底栖动物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Margalef丰富度指数均高于下游,支流的大型底栖动物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Margalef丰富度指数均高于干流,而Pielou均匀度指数是支流低于干流。在时间方面,平水期至枯水期大型底栖动物种类数呈现逐渐增加的趋势；密度分布为平水期＞枯水期＞丰水期,生物量分布规律与密度相似；Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Margalef丰富度指数均为枯水期最高,平水期最低。流溪河大型底栖动物群落可划分为干流群落和支流群落,群落间物种组成存在显著性差异。综上结果表明:流溪河支流大型底栖动物群落结构较干游更加稳定,下游断面群落受到了较大程度的干扰,生态环境质量状况较差,影响大型底栖动物群落结构的主要因素为有机质、总磷和溶解氧。     

江苏大丰麋鹿国家级自然保护区互花米草对水盐梯度的生态响应

为探究江苏滨海湿地环境因子与互花米草生态特征的关系及水分梯度和盐分梯度对互花米草生态特征的影响,于2020年10月,选取江苏大丰麋鹿国家级自然保护区滨海湿地互花米草为研究对象,测定了互花米草的株高、生物量、密度、盖度及土壤水分、土壤盐分、pH、土壤容重.结果 表明:①土壤水分和土壤盐分是影响互花米草生态特征的重要环境因...     

Recruitment of Hornbill-Dispersed Trees in Hunted and Logged Forests of the Indian Eastern Himalaya

Abstract:  Hunting of hornbills by tribal communities is widespread in logged foothill forests of the Indian Eastern Himalaya. We investigated whether the decline of hornbills has affected the dispersal and recruitment of 3 large-seeded tree species. We hypothesized that 2 low-fecundity tree species , Chisocheton paniculatus and Dysoxylum binectariferum (Meliaceae) bearing arillate fruits, are more dispersal limited than a prolifically fruiting drupaceous tree Polyalthia simiarum (Annonaceae), which has potential dispersers other than hornbills. We estimated the abundance of large avian frugivores during the fruiting season along transects in 2 protected and 2 disturbed forests. We compared recruitment of the tree species near (<10 m) and far (10–40 m) from parent trees at protected and disturbed sites. Median abundance of Great ( Buceros bicornis ), Wreathed ( Aceros undulatus ), and Oriental Pied Hornbills ( Anthracoceros albirostris ) were significantly lower in disturbed forests, but sites did not differ in abundances of the Mountain Imperial Pigeon ( Ducula badia ). Overall, tree species showed more severely depressed recruitment of seedlings (77% fewer) and juveniles (69% fewer) in disturbed than in protected forests. In disturbed forests, 93% fewer seedlings of C. paniculatus were beyond parental crowns, and a high number of all seedlings (42%) accumulated directly under reproductive adults. In contrast , D. binectariferum and P. simiarum were recruitment rather than dispersal limited, with fewer dispersed seedlings surviving in disturbed than in protected forests. Results are consistent with the idea that disturbance disrupts mutualisms between hornbills and some large-seeded food plants, with the caveat that role redundancy within even small and specialized disperser assemblages renders other tree species less vulnerable to loss of regular dispersal agents.