工程用Ag/AgCl参比电极性能对比研究

使用热浸涂法和粉压法制备了工程用Ag/AgCl参比电极.电化学性能测试表明热浸涂法和粉压法制备的Ag/AgCl参比电极的电位稳定性都比较好,但热浸涂法制备的Ag/AgCl参比电极的耐极化性能优于粉压法制备的Ag/AgCl参比电极.热浸涂法和粉压法制备的Ag/AgCl参比电极的温度系数都比较小,温度响应特性较好.海水流速...     

Factors affecting the quantitative uncertainty of the estimated short-term intake. Part II—Practical examples

ABSTRACT

The effects of the spread of residue concentrations in the samples derived from the selected supervised trials and the number of trials were studied on the magnitude and uncertainty of the short-term dietary intakes calculated with the proposed new procedure (IESTI_p) and that one used currently by the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) and WHO (World Health Organization) Joint meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) (IESTI_c). The residue data of 10 pesticides were obtained from supervised trials conducted on apples and pears. The methods described in Part I were used for the calculations of the uncertainty. The results indicate that the ratio of IESTI_P to IESTI_c (φ_IESTI) is directly proportional to the ratio of the estimated maximum residue level (MRL), recommended by the JMPR; to the highest residue (HR) observed in supervised trials, and it may have a wide range depending on the particular conditions. The φ_IESTI becomes greater with the increase of the difference between the mrl or maximum residue limit (MRL, established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission, CAC) and HR, and becomes smaller if the difference between the large portion (LP) and unit mass (U) decreases. The φ_IESTI ranged between 2 and 5.1 in the 16 cases examined indicating that the IESTI_p calculation method leads to higher intake estimates. The ratio of CV_IESTIp and CV_IESTIc ranged typically between 0.62 and 1.71. It rapidly increased up to 12 trials. For a larger number of trials, the ratio remained practically constant (1.69–1.71). The processing factor (PF) equally affects the MRL and HR values, therefore, it will not practically influence the φ_IESTI. The uncertainty of the estimated median residues depends on the spread and number of values in the residue datasets, which affects the uncertainty of the conversion factor (CF) and subsequently the uncertainty of the estimated IESTI_p. Residue values obtained from minimum nine independent trials are required for the correct calculation of the 95% confidence intervals of the calculated median residues. The uncertainty of the analytical results directly affects the median, HR values and indirectly the calculated mrl and the MRL derived from it. Therefore, it should also be considered for the calculation of the combined uncertainty of the conversion factors. For the correct interpretation of the results of dietary exposure calculations, the upper 95% confidence limit of the short-term intake should also be considered. However, it is not the current practice of regulatory agencies or JMPR.     

海洋石油污染监测(艹屈)标准物质的研制

介绍了[艹屈]标准物质的研究、制备方法,进行了均匀性检验、稳定性检验,统计计算了检验结果。结果表明,该标准物质的均匀性和稳定性良好,在5a内有效,标准物质符合国家标准,可用于海洋环境监测。     

环境监测质量控制中水质标准物质应用问题的研究

对环境监测质量控制中水质标准物质的应用问题进行了分析和论述。分别从实验室分析测试标准、质量控制标准的不确定度、质量控制方式的选择以及实验分析的准确度和分析方法研究等方面,讨论了实验室质量控制过程中水质标准物质应用出现的误区和问题。对如何做好实验室分析的质量控制,从多个不同的方面介绍了在使用分析校准用标准物质及水质质量控制用标准物质过程中,如何避免或减少分析误差的方法和措施。同时对计量、质量控制的重要工具水质标准物质的正确使用以及标准物质的规范应用方面提出了相关建议。     

环境标准样品在实验室质量控制应用中应注意的问题

通过对实验分析质量保证工作中存在的实际问题进行了论述;从仪器条件、实验样品前处理以及分析测定方法的选择等方面对环境标准样品的使用,及其对实验分析质量控制的影响进行了分析,并提出了相应的合理化建议。     

发光细菌毒性测试条件的优化与毒性参照物的应用

针对传统发光细菌毒性测试方法中存在的结果重现性不高、使用剧毒物质氯化汞作为毒性参照物容易造成环境污染等问题,通过一系列实验优化了发光细菌生物毒性测试的条件:适宜pH值为5 0～9 0,最佳暴露时间为20min。同时筛选出了Zn2+作为毒性参照物代替传统方法中的剧毒物质HgCl2。Zn2+具有毒性中等、结果稳定、价格便宜等诸多优点。而且Zn2+与HgCl2的毒性之间存在一定相关性:Zn2+毒性为HgCl2毒性的1 12 5。采用Zn2+作为参照物不仅可以方便地表征不同化学物质的毒性,而且可以直观地表征复杂环境样品的毒性,是一种简便可行的方法。      

基于系统动力学的湖泊营养物基准参照状态研究

湖泊营养物基准参照状态的科学合理确定是营养物基准制订的重要技术基础之一,以巢湖为例,基于系统动力学仿真模型,耦合了多种数学模型对湖泊营养物的产生、分布及输移进行系统仿真,并结合系统反演方法获得湖泊过去近50年不同水文条件下的各营养物浓度演化过程及湖泊富营养化水平.结果表明:经过试验校准的系统仿真模型能够较真实地反映湖泊...     

湖泊营养物基准研究进展

湖泊营养物基准是进行湖泊富营养化综合评估、预防、控制和管理的科学基础和重要手段。系统论述了国内外湖泊营养物基准的最新研究进展,重点分析了统计分析法、压力-响应模型法、模型推断法和古湖沼学法等的优缺点及适用性,提出了我国湖泊营养物基准研究的发展趋势和面临的挑战。参照湖泊最能真实反映湖区的原始状态,但参照点不易获得;模型推断法需要大量的数据资料来构建表征水体特征的函数模型,其复杂性使该方法对营养物基准的制订存在较大难度。压力-响应模型法将成为湖泊营养物基准制订的发展方向,深入开展压力-响应模型机理研究,在水生态基准与富营养化之间关系、营养物基准与浮游生物之间响应关系及营养物基准对特殊敏感种群关系研究的基础上,加强营养物基准的制订与湖泊管理需求的紧密结合。     

加拿大化学品管理法规制度及其对我国的借鉴

加拿大在化学品管理方面构建了一套立法完整、方法科学、手段丰富的管理体系,形成了以联邦、省、市三级管理为格局,以科学管理为基本原则,以全生命周期管理为特点,以多部门协调配合为手段的管理体系框架,对于完善中国化学品管理具有重要的参考与借鉴价值。综述了加拿大化学品管理立法情况和化学品管理计划,着重解读了《加拿大环境保护法》《危险产品法》“工作场所有害物质信息系统”和《新物质申报条例》的管理思路。总结了目前我国化学品管理工作进展,提出完善我国化学品管理法规的建议:完善化学品环境管理立法;建立化学品全生命周期管理体系;加大风险管控措施,建立健全优先控制化学品清单;加强公众参与。     

Analyzing the tradeoffs among ecological and fishing effects on an example fish community: A multispecies (fisheries) production model

Species interactions such as predation or competition can have notable implications for fish population dynamics. Stock status and associated biological reference points can be misrepresented if these interactions are not considered. Here we present a multispecies, biomass production model (MS-PROD) developed by incorporating modifications to the Schaefer production model. The modifications explicitly emphasize a functional group approach, highlighting the effects of species interactions that include competition between species within a group, competition between groups, and predation. The mathematical formulation also includes constraints on carrying capacity for both the entire system and for individual groups. We applied the model as initialized to the Northeast U.S. Large Marine Ecosystem finfish community. We then executed simulations designed to explore the behavior of the model with respect to fishery exploitation and ecological interactions. Collectively, the results demonstrated the utility, and the need, for incorporating ecological effects into fisheries models.