环境监测实验室标准物质的管理

在环境监测实验室中为达到长期的质量保证,标准物质被y-泛用于测量仪器的校正、测量方法的评价或为材料赋值。标准物质的正确使用和规范管理对保证分析结果的准确性、溯源性有重要意义。本文阐述了实验室应如何正确管理与使用标准物质,探讨了标准物质的期间核查方法。     

东北地区参考蒸散量的变化特征及其成因分析

蒸散是水分运动过程中地表热量平衡和水分平衡的组成部分,是影响气候变化的重要一项。进行蒸散量变化的研究,对了解气候变化、探讨水分循环变化规律具有十分重要的意义。论文利用东北地区124个气象站1961—2007年的日气象数据,采用Penman-Monteith方程计算了参考蒸散量,分析了参考蒸散量的变化趋势及其变化原因。结果表明,在这47 a间,东北地区年平均气温以0.38℃/(10 a)的趋势递增,但是参考蒸散量总体上却以4.4 mm/(10 a)的速度递减。在地区分布上,三分之二的地区参考蒸散量呈下降趋势,显著下降的地区集中在辽宁朝阳地区,三分之一的地区参考蒸散量呈上升趋势,主要集中在辽宁南部和吉林东部地区。对有关各气象因子分析表明,影响参考蒸散量的主要因子为日照时数和风速。     

异辛烷中2,2'',4,4'',5,5''-六溴联苯标准样品的研制

介绍了异辛烷中2,2',4,4',5,5'-六溴联苯(PBB-153)标准样品的研制方法。分别采用气相色谱法、差示扫描量热法对PBB-153原料进行纯度分析,测定了原料中水分、杂质的含量,利用质量平衡法计算得到纯品纯度为99.0%,相对扩展不确定度为1.2%(k=2)。异辛烷中PBB-153标准样品采用称量-容量法制备,配制浓度为50.00μg/m L,利用气相色谱法对其进行均匀性检验和稳定性监测,结果显示均匀性良好,稳定性可达18个月以上。对不确定度进行评估,结果显示相对扩展不确定度为4%(k=2)。该标准样品与国外同类样品具有量值一致性,能有效支撑中国六溴联苯的履约监测与环境管理等工作。     

基于参考应力法的海底腐蚀管道剩余强度评价

在役海底管道所处海洋环境恶劣,管道发生腐蚀后剩余强度降低。为了更加准确地计算管道的剩余强度,基于ANSYS非线性有限元模拟,采用参考应力法,研究了参考应力分别为(SMYS+SMTS)/2,1.1SMYS,SMYS+69,0.8SMTS,0.9SMTS,SMTS的海底管道剩余强度,将结果与爆破实验数据作对比,提出了参考应力和流变应力取值的推荐算法。研究结果表明,在海底腐蚀管道剩余强度有限元分析中,对于X46,X60和X80管道,建议分别使用(SMYS+SMTS)/2,0.9SMTS和SMTS作为参考应力;推荐使用(SMYS+SMTS)/2, SMYS+69和 1.1SMYS三者中的最大值作为流变应力。     

长三角地区地表干湿状况及极端干湿事件特征研究

利用Penman-Monteith模型及1957—2014年长三角地区43个气象站点逐日降水、气温、风速、日照时数及空气相对湿度实测数据,对参考作物蒸散量、地表湿润指数和极端干旱/湿润事件进行了计算和统计。运用线性回归、Trend-free pre-whitening (TFPW) Mann-Kendall趋势检验、Morlet小波分析等方法,分析了研究区地表湿润指数及极端干湿事件的时空分布特征。结果显示：1）近58 a长三角地区年及季节平均湿润指数在空间上呈南高北低分布格局;2）年湿润指数呈波动下降趋势,变化倾向率为-0.021/10 a,气候趋于干旱化。湿润期集中在20世纪80、90年代。突变年为2003年,并存在多个振荡周期。四季中,春秋季气候趋于干旱化,冬夏季反之。年际湿润指数变异系数和变化趋势存在明显的空间差异;3）年极端干旱事件发生频率呈波动上升趋势,年极端湿润事件则呈现微弱的下降趋势,均存在空间差异。     

The potential effect of differential ambient and deployment chamber temperatures on PRC derived sampling rates with polyurethane foam (PUF) passive air samplers

Performance reference compound (PRC) derived sampling rates were determined for polyurethane foam (PUF) passive air samplers in both sub-tropical and temperate locations across Australia. These estimates were on average a factor of 2.7 times higher in summer than winter. The known effects of wind speed and temperature on mass transfer coefficients could not account for this observation. Sampling rates are often derived using ambient temperatures, not the actual temperatures within deployment chambers. If deployment chamber temperatures are in fact higher than ambient temperatures, estimated sampler-air partition coefficients would be greater than actual partition coefficients resulting in an overestimation of PRC derived sampling rates. Sampling rates determined under measured ambient temperatures and estimated deployment chamber temperatures in summer ranged from 7.1 to 10 m³ day⁻¹ and 2.2-6.8 m³ day⁻¹ respectively. These results suggest that potential differences between ambient and deployment chamber temperatures should be considered when deriving PRC-based sampling rates.     

Dissolution of beryllium in artificial lung alveolar macrophage phagolysosomal fluid

Dissolution of a lung burden of poorly soluble beryllium particles is hypothesized to be necessary for development of chronic beryllium lung disease (CBD) in humans. As such, particle dissolution rate must be sufficient to activate the lung immune response and dissolution lifetime sufficient to maintain chronic inflammation for months to years to support development of disease. The purpose of this research was to investigate the hypothesis that poorly soluble beryllium compounds release ions via dissolution in lung fluid. Dissolution kinetics of 17 poorly soluble particulate beryllium materials that span extraction through ceramics machining (ores, hydroxide, metal, copper-beryllium [CuBe] fume, oxides) and three CuBe alloy reference materials (chips, solid block) were measured over 31 d using artificial lung alveolar macrophage phagolysosomal fluid (pH 4.5). Differences in beryllium-containing particle physicochemical properties translated into differences in dissolution rates and lifetimes in artificial phagolysosomal fluid. Among all materials, dissolution rate constant values ranged from 10⁻⁵ to 10⁻¹⁰ g cm⁻² d⁻¹ and half-times ranged from tens to thousands of days. The presence of magnesium trisilicate in some beryllium oxide materials may have slowed dissolution rates. Materials associated with elevated prevalence of CBD had faster beryllium dissolution rates [10⁻⁷-10⁻⁸ g cm⁻² d⁻¹] than materials not associated with elevated prevalence (p < 0.05).     

我国区域规划的编制与实施的若干问题

区域规划是协调人口、经济、资源、环境之间的关系以及地区关系的区域开发与国土整治方案,是市场经济下政府进行宏观调控的重大举措,目前我国的区域规划编制和实施还存在一定问题,主要是各层次规划衔接不力,从而了区域规划的实施和应用。借鉴国外的规划体系、内容和实施途径,针对我国区域规划的实施问题,提出如下建议：（１）建立完善的区域规划体系、协调区域规划与经济计划的相互关系,以及与土地利用规划和城市规划的关系。     

固定污染源废气监测用挥发性卤代烃标准气体制备不确定度研究

针对固定污染源挥发性卤代烃污染物的排放监测需求,采用称量法制备固定污染源废气监测用挥发性卤代烃标准气体(各组分具有浓度差异),并开展制备不确定度评定研究。通过分析原料试剂纯度、液态/气态组分称量、混合液配比、摩尔质量、气体残留等因素和环节引入的不确定度,确立标准气体制备不确定度评定流程。最终,确定固定污染源废气监测用挥发性卤代烃标准气体制备过程引入的相对扩展不确定度(k=2)小于1%。液态/气态组分称量和上一级中间气浓度引入的不确定度对特性量值不确定度的贡献较大,原料试剂纯度对不确定度的影响较小,摩尔质量和气体残留对不确定度的影响可忽略。     

Bioassessment in A Harsh Environment: A Comparison of Macroinvertebrate Assemblages at Reference and Assessment Sites in An Australian Inland River System

The Lachlan River system of inland New South Wales, which extends into semi-arid areas, is prone to natural extremes of climate and water quality and has been almost entirely modified since European settlement in Australia. We used this system as a proving ground for the mainly qualitative bioassessment metrics for river macroinvertebrates that are used widely in Australia – the EPT (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera) index, the SIGNAL (Stream Invertebrate Grade Number Average Level) biotic index and the AUSRIVAS O/E (Australian River Assessment System Observed over Expected) index – plus a recently developed qualitative index, the observed proportion of potential taxa (OPP). We tested these metrics on their ability to discriminate between sites judged to be less disturbed by human activities (reference sites) and sites selected by a semi-random process and therefore expected to have a higher average level of human disturbance (assessment sites). All metrics except the AUSRIVAS O/E index differed significantly between the two types of sites at higher altitudes, with SIGNAL showing the greatest discrimination. Assessment at these altitudes was more effective if based on composite data from multiple mesohabitats rather than data from single mesohabitats. No metric differentiated the two types of sites in the more arid, lowland, floodplain region of the river system. We suggest that Australia relies too heavily on bioassessment concepts developed to assess water pollution in well-watered regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Effective assessment of human impacts on macroinvertebrates in the rivers of inland Australia requires a better understanding of the roles of flow regimes, including flood and drought sequences, and of microhabitat structure and invasive alien species. Quantitative approaches may also be required.