Preparation of bovine liver candidate reference material

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3种典型陆地生态系统土壤137Cs和有机碳含量研究

选择位于广东小良的自然林、光裸地和森林恢复地3种典型陆地生态系统类型,通过研究土壤137Cs和土壤有机碳(SOC)的含量与分布,分析137Cs与SOC的关系,尝试运用137Cs法研究典型陆地生态系统类型的土壤侵蚀与土壤碳动态.结果显示,自然林为研究区土壤137Cs的背景点,其0~40cm土壤中的137Cs平均活度值为(0.99±0.28)Bq/kg,137Cs背景值为(448.1±56.3)Bq/m2,0~40cm的SOC储量为5.93kg/m2.森林恢复地和光裸地土壤中没有检出137Cs,表明森林恢复地和光裸地发生了严重的土壤侵蚀.自然林土壤137Cs深度分布形态为非指数衰减形态,137Cs浓度峰值出现在次表层.自然林的各土层137Cs活度与SOC含量的相关关系不显著(P>0.1).研究区137Cs含量的背景值很低.基于137Cs法计算研究区及相似地区的SOC侵蚀量有一定局限性.     

长三角地区地表干湿状况及极端干湿事件特征研究

利用Penman-Monteith模型及1957—2014年长三角地区43个气象站点逐日降水、气温、风速、日照时数及空气相对湿度实测数据,对参考作物蒸散量、地表湿润指数和极端干旱/湿润事件进行了计算和统计。运用线性回归、Trend-free pre-whitening (TFPW) Mann-Kendall趋势检验、Morlet小波分析等方法,分析了研究区地表湿润指数及极端干湿事件的时空分布特征。结果显示：1）近58 a长三角地区年及季节平均湿润指数在空间上呈南高北低分布格局;2）年湿润指数呈波动下降趋势,变化倾向率为-0.021/10 a,气候趋于干旱化。湿润期集中在20世纪80、90年代。突变年为2003年,并存在多个振荡周期。四季中,春秋季气候趋于干旱化,冬夏季反之。年际湿润指数变异系数和变化趋势存在明显的空间差异;3）年极端干旱事件发生频率呈波动上升趋势,年极端湿润事件则呈现微弱的下降趋势,均存在空间差异。     

辽河口近岸海域水体营养物推荐基准值的制定方法

确定水质参照状态是近岸海域营养物及其响应指标基准制定的关键,基于现场观测数据分析确定参照状态并提出推荐基准值是一种重要的方法.以辽河口近岸海域为例,根据1995年~1999年和2003年~2009年的数据分析,主要应用频数分析法确定了参照状态,并结合1976年的数据分析,提出了该海域营养物(溶解无机氮、总氮、活性磷酸盐、总磷)及响应指标(叶绿素、溶解氧)的推荐基准值.分析显示,辽河口近岸海域营养物溶解无机氮、总氮、活性磷酸盐和总磷的推荐基准值分别为0.11, 0.19, 0.006, 0.032mg/L;响应指标叶绿素、溶解氧的推荐基准值分别为0.0009, 6.14mg/L.     

1961-2009年黄土高原气象要素的时空变化分析

基于48个气象站点1961-2009年的监测数据,使用反距离权重插值法和Mann-Kendall法,分析了黄土高原气象要素的空间分布和时间变化特征.结果表明,各气象要素在黄土高原都呈梯度分布,沿东南-西北方向降水和平均温度递减而平均风速和日照时数递增,沿南北方向相对湿度降低而参考作物蒸散增加.各气象要素在各站点基本都具有单调趋势,但趋势显著的站点数存在变异.约98%的站点温度的上升趋势显著,约60%的站点日照时数和风速的下降趋势及参考作物蒸散的上升趋势具有显著性,约40%的站点相对湿度的下降趋势显著,约30%的站点的降水具有显著的下降趋势.各气象变量都存在一定的年代际变化,相对湿度在2004年以来显著降低,降水的显著减少、 年均温度和参考作物蒸散的显著上升都在20世纪90年代初以来,而日照时数和平均风速的显著下降都发生在20世纪80年代初以来.黄土高原的气候可能出现了一些新趋势,给未来可持续发展带来了不确定性,需引起足够重视.     

土壤标准物质中Pb生物可给量的体外模拟试验

基于生理学的体外模拟实验(PBET),旨在测定经口无意摄入的土壤和尘土中的Pb在人体消化道内的生物可给性。采用国家土壤标准物质GBW07429(长江中下游土壤)对体外模拟实验的回收率和精密度进行测定。20次重复测定的结果显示,整个分析流程的回收率(各提取态之和占总量的百分含量)为96.4%～105%,满足体外模拟试验的分析要求。土壤标准物质GBW07429中胃阶段和小肠阶段Pb的生物可给量分别为2.8mg/kg和0.42mg/kg,相对标准偏差均小于15%,具有较好的精密度。研究采用土壤标准物质GBW07429测定了Pb的生物可给量,为分析Pb的生物可给性的体外模拟试验提供一个参考值。     

Global Daily Reference Evapotranspiration Modeling and Evaluation1

Abstract: Accurate and reliable evapotranspiration (ET) datasets are crucial in regional water and energy balance studies. Due to the complex instrumentation requirements, actual ET values are generally estimated from reference ET values by adjustment factors using coefficients for water stress and vegetation conditions, commonly referred to as crop coefficients. Until recently, the modeling of reference ET has been solely based on important weather variables collected from weather stations that are generally located in selected agro‐climatic locations. Since 2001, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) has been producing six‐hourly climate parameter datasets that are used to calculate daily reference ET for the whole globe at 1‐degree spatial resolution. The U.S. Geological Survey Center for Earth Resources Observation and Science has been producing daily reference ET (ETo) since 2001, and it has been used on a variety of operational hydrological models for drought and streamflow monitoring all over the world. With the increasing availability of local station‐based reference ET estimates, we evaluated the GDAS‐based reference ET estimates using data from the California Irrigation Management Information System (CIMIS). Daily CIMIS reference ET estimates from 85 stations were compared with GDAS‐based reference ET at different spatial and temporal scales using five‐year daily data from 2002 through 2006. Despite the large difference in spatial scale (point vs. ～100 km grid cell) between the two datasets, the correlations between station‐based ET and GDAS‐ET were very high, exceeding 0.97 on a daily basis to more than 0.99 on time scales of more than 10 days. Both the temporal and spatial correspondences in trend/pattern and magnitudes between the two datasets were satisfactory, suggesting the reliability of using GDAS parameter‐based reference ET for regional water and energy balance studies in many parts of the world. While the study revealed the potential of GDAS ETo for large‐scale hydrological applications, site‐specific use of GDAS ETo in complex hydro‐climatic regions such as coastal areas and rugged terrain may require the application of bias correction and/or disaggregation of the GDAS ETo using downscaling techniques.     

土壤中多氯联苯简化计算定量方法研究

针对含有两种或两种以上Aroclor多氯联苯混合物的样品,研究其简便易行的定性、定量方法。将复杂样品中的多氯联苯分别折算成Aroclor 1016、1242、1260含量,在定性的同时予以定量。3种不同组分混合样品的加标回收率分别为68.2%～80.6%、67.9%～74.2%、67.1%～76.8%,实际土壤样品的测定结果与已有研究结果相吻合。方法缺点为无法识别和计算各Aroclor之间的准确比例,可用于应急监测复杂组分样品中多氯联苯的测定。     

Uncertainty in establishing forest reference levels and predicting future forest-based carbon stocks for REDD+

Forest reference levels (FRLs) provide a benchmark for assessing reduced emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+), and they are central to demonstrate additionality of REDD+. Attaining realistic FRLs, however, is challenging, especially in complex mosaic landscapes. We established FRLs in northern Laos for different reference periods and tested them against actual carbon stock changes. Annual time series of Landsat satellite images were used to capture the subtle changes in carbon stocks in complex landscapes characterized by shifting cultivation. We found that FRLs differ considerably depending on the reference period chosen. Abrupt land-use changes occurred when hybrid maize replaced traditional shifting cultivation and forests, and this invalidated carbon stock trends that would have been predicted had the FRL been projected into the future. We conclude that demonstrating additionality of REDD+ in fast developing areas is difficult and that payment systems rewarding potential emission reductions against hypothetical extrapolation of FRLs are unlikely to be a cost-effective strategy.     

我国环境标准样品发展及应用

环境标准样品广泛应用于我国的环境监测活动中,为监测数据的一致性、可比性和准确性提供了重要的技术支撑。该文综述了环境标准样品发展及应用现状,根据国外环境标准样品体系分析了我国环境标准样品体系存在的问题,并对环境监测工作中环境标准样品应用问题提出了相关建议,为环境监测工作者认识和使用环境标准样品提供了指导。