中国环境与生物标准参考物质中甲基汞的测定

应用了多种分离技术分离有机汞，以气相色谱电子捕获检测器测定甲基汞和乙基汞，测定了一些已经定值总汞的中国环境与生物标准参考物质及一些别国制备的标准测参考物质。采用不同分离技术，所得结果基本一致，也存在些差异。实验室之间的测定结果也很接近。建议上述物质可作为测定甲基汞和乙基汞的标准参考物质。     

Functional reference in an alarm signal given during nest defence: seet calls of yellow warblers denote brood-parasitic brown-headed cowbirds

Field observations and model-presentation experiments have shown that yellow warblers (Dendroica petechia) produce seet calls preferentially in response to brood-parasitic brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater). In this study, we investigated whether seet calls are functionally referential alarm calls denoting cowbirds by determining whether female warblers responded appropriately to seet calls in the absence of a cowbird, whether alarm calling by warblers varied with response urgency, and how warblers in a population allopatric with cowbirds responded to cowbird and avian predator models and seet playbacks. As a control, we presented chip calls, which are elicited by nest predators as well as by non-threatening intruders, but are not strongly associated with cowbirds. Yellow warblers responded differently to playbacks of seet than chip calls. To seet playbacks, almost 60% of females gave seet calls and rushed to sit in their nests, responses typically elicited by cowbirds, whereas these responses were given infrequently in response to chip calls. Yellow warblers seet called equally in situations that simulated low, medium and high risk of parasitism, which suggests that these calls did not vary with response urgency. In a population allopatric with cowbirds, seet calls were rarely produced in response to cowbird or avian nest predator models and never to seet playbacks. These results suggest that seet calls are functionally referential signals denoting cowbirds and that cowbird parasitism was a strong selective pressure in the evolution of functional referentiality in the seet call of yellow warblers.Communicated by W.A. Searcy     

我国农村流动人口犯罪控制论

目前,我国流动人口犯罪率居高不下,严重危及着社会的安定,已成为社会各界关注的热点和解决的难点问题.流动人口犯罪的主要表现特征为主体的复杂性,犯罪的团伙性、流窜性、侵财性等.相对剥夺论是流动人口犯罪一种可行的理论阐释,有助于深化我们对流动人口犯罪的理解.加强和完善政府职能是控制流动人口犯罪行之有效的应对措施.     

典型喀斯特地区参考作物蒸散量的时空变化分析——以贵州省为例

喀斯特地区地表地下的二元储水结构导致地表水渗漏严重,而土被浅薄且分布不连续,土壤蓄水量不足,易导致作物出现缺水。以贵州省为例,基于FAO-56 Penman-Monteith公式和气象资料,估算了贵州省1961~2014年参考作物蒸散量ET_O,在此基础上运用反距离权重插值法对贵州省ET_O进行空间插值,分析了贵州省ET_O的时空变化特征,并用多元回归分析方法探讨了影响贵州省ET_O的主要因素。结果表明:贵州省西部地区的ET_O高于中、东部地区;1年之中ET_O主要集中于夏季和春季,冬季最少;60年代的ET_O高于多年平均值,70年代之后逐渐降低,90年代达到最低值,2000年以来ET_O急剧升高;从年际变化看,贵州省年平均ET_O总体呈波动上升趋势,1961~2002年持续降低,2003年以后显著升高;年际变化中秋季ET_O变化最大,其次为春季、夏季,冬季变化最小;影响贵州省ET_O的主导气象因素是日照时数,两者呈显著的正相关,地理纬度与ET_O存在明显的负相关。贵州省ET_O的时空特征研究及其影响因素分析将为其他喀斯特地区的农业发展和水资源合理配置提供科学依据。     

重金属环境标准样品发展现状及对策建议

对照国家《重金属污染综合防治“十二五”规划》和重金属有关的环境标准实施需求,从配套环境标准样品的角度,对现有重金属环境标准样品发展现状和存在的问题进行全面总结和梳理,并在深层次分析存在问题原因的基础上,对环境标准样品事业发展提出有关对策和建议。     

用于水中多环芳烃被动采样的聚合物厚度和材料的选择：哪个更有力地影响采样器性能？

本文使用3种单相聚合物制作用于多环芳烃被动采样的装置,这3种聚合物分别为聚甲醛(POM)、硅橡胶(SR)和聚乙烯(PE),通过室内试验测定了它们的分配系数和POM的扩散系数以及验证了动态积累模型。此外,在野外现场对每种装置的性能进行了评估。基于已开发模型的支持,讨论了使用不同材料和聚合物厚度的装置性能。结果表明,采样器性能,比如浓度平均周期的长短和多环芳烃的采集容量,都广受所选材料的影响。采样器的厚度也会对装置的性能造成影响,但程度很小。选择合适的聚合物和/或厚度可以使采样器更有适用于快速平衡或动态积累,以及促进膜或水边界层对动态积累的控制。此外,利用膜技术控制或平衡的化合物能够更精确的被量化,因为它们不需要利用参比法(PRC)来校正。然而,当富集浓度达到平衡后,采样器中的平均浓度就不能准备测量化合物浓度,而由膜控制的采样装置通过动态累积的方式能够提供不需要PRC校正的平均浓度;随着膜传质阻力的提高,采样器的检测限也得到提高。
精选自Angel Belles, Claire Alary, Yannick Mamindy-Pajany.Thickness and material selection of polymeric passive samplers for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water: which more strongly affects sampler properties?. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 35, Issue 7, pages 1708–1717, July 2016. DOI: 10.1002/etc.3326
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.3326/full
     

Importance of Baseline Specification in Evaluating Conservation Interventions and Achieving No Net Loss of Biodiversity

There is an urgent need to improve the evaluation of conservation interventions. This requires specifying an objective and a frame of reference from which to measure performance. Reference frames can be baselines (i.e., known biodiversity at a fixed point in history) or counterfactuals (i.e., a scenario that would have occurred without the intervention). Biodiversity offsets are interventions with the objective of no net loss of biodiversity (NNL). We used biodiversity offsets to analyze the effects of the choice of reference frame on whether interventions met stated objectives. We developed 2 models to investigate the implications of setting different frames of reference in regions subject to various biodiversity trends and anthropogenic impacts. First, a general analytic model evaluated offsets against a range of baseline and counterfactual specifications. Second, a simulation model then replicated these results with a complex real world case study: native grassland offsets in Melbourne, Australia. Both models showed that achieving NNL depended upon the interaction between reference frame and background biodiversity trends. With a baseline, offsets were less likely to achieve NNL where biodiversity was decreasing than where biodiversity was stable or increasing. With a no‐development counterfactual, however, NNL was achievable only where biodiversity was declining. Otherwise, preventing development was better for biodiversity. Uncertainty about compliance was a stronger determinant of success than uncertainty in underlying biodiversity trends. When only development and offset locations were considered, offsets sometimes resulted in NNL, but not across an entire region. Choice of reference frame determined feasibility and effort required to attain objectives when designing and evaluating biodiversity offset schemes. We argue the choice is thus of fundamental importance for conservation policy. Our results shed light on situations in which biodiversity offsets may be an inappropriate policy instrument Importancia de la Especificación de Línea de Base en la Evaluación de Intervenciones de Conservación y la Obtención de Ninguna Pérdida Neta de la Biodiversidad     

国外安全生产经济政策的分析与借鉴

安全生产经济政策对于强化安全生产工作,形成企业自觉增加安全投入、自觉防范事故的机制有着重要的意义。系统介绍并分析了美国、英国、加拿大等发达国家的工伤保险、经济处罚、援助与奖励、税收优惠等政策,总结了发达国家安全生产经济政策的共同特点与经验,结合我国现行的安全生产经济政策,提出为完善我国相关政策的启示和借鉴措施。     

栉孔扇贝内参基因稳定性研究

合适的内参基因对准确定量目标基因表达水平非常重要。利用实时定量聚合酶链式反应(RT-qPCR)分析了不同发育阶段和雌激素暴露条件下栉孔扇贝性腺组织中β-actin、β-TUB、EF-lα、18SrRNA和GAPDH5个内参基因的表达水平,并利用RefFinder软件对其表达稳定性进行了分析。结果表明:在所考察的内参基因中,EF-lα在栉孔扇贝不同发育阶段和雌激素暴露下的表达均最为稳定,可作为定量目标基因表达水平的内参基因之一。