青海省东部农业区参考作物蒸散量的变化及对气象因子的敏感性分析

使用FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith公式计算了青海省东部农业区7个气象代表站的逐日参考作物蒸散量(ET₀),运用多窗谱方法(MTM)对青海省东部代表站的ET₀的变化周期进行了分析,同时,分析了影响ET₀的主要气象要素的变化趋势,运用基于偏导数的敏感系数法分析了生长季ET₀对气温、日照时数、相对湿度、风速的敏感性,结果表明,青海省东部农业区的7个站点有比较一致的19.23~22.22 a的周期;整个东部农业区的气温(最高温度、最低温度、平均温度)呈明显的上升趋势,日照时数、风速、相对湿度则随纬度的变化而趋势不同,北纬36°以南的两个站日照时数、风速均有增加的趋势,相对湿度则减小,以北的5个站则呈相反的变化;ET₀对日照时数最为敏感,其次是气温、相对湿度和风速;敏感系数在整个生长季随气象因子的变化而变化,日照时数敏感系数呈波动状,最大值出现在4月,最小值出现在9月,气温敏感系数呈现单峰型变化,最大值出现在7月,风速敏感系数则呈单谷型变化,最小值出现在7月。     

Integrating soil carbon cycling with that of nitrogen and phosphorus in the watershed model SWAT: Theory and model testing

In this paper we describe and test a sub-model that integrates the cycling of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) watershed model. The core of the sub-model is a multi-layer, one-pool soil organic carbon (S_C) algorithm, in which the decomposition rate of S_C and input rate to S_C (through decomposition and humification of residues) depend on the current size of S_C. The organic N and P fluxes are coupled to that of C and depend on the available mineral N and P, and the C:N and N:P ratios of the decomposing pools. Tillage explicitly affects the soil organic matter turnover rate through tool-specific coefficients. Unlike most models, the turnover of soil organic matter does not follow first order kinetics. Each soil layer has a specific maximum capacity to accumulate C or C saturation (S_x) that depends on texture and controls the turnover rate. It is shown in an analytical solution that S_x is a parameter with major influence in the model C dynamics. Testing with a 65-yr data set from the dryland wheat growing region in Oregon shows that the model adequately simulates the S_C dynamics in the topsoil (top 0.3 m) for three different treatments. Three key model parameters, the optimal decomposition and humification rates and a factor controlling the effect of soil moisture and temperature on the decomposition rate, showed low uncertainty as determined by generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation. Nonetheless, the parameter set that provided accurate simulations in the topsoil tended to overestimate S_C in the subsoil, suggesting that a mechanism that expresses at depth might not be represented in the current sub-model structure. The explicit integration of C, N, and P fluxes allows for a more cohesive simulation of nutrient cycling in the SWAT model. The sub-model has to be tested in forestland and rangeland in addition to agricultural land, and in diverse soils with extreme properties such high or low pH, an organic horizon, or volcanic soils.     

基于本质安全的供应链风险识别方法研究

由于集成供应链的构成较为复杂,来自供应链内部、外部的风险因素众多,单凭建立附加的防护系统并不能从根本上解决集成供应链的风险损失问题。因而需要从本质安全的视角出发,从根源上辨识风险源,及时发现供应链中的薄弱环节,消除因风险隐患及控制风险而造成的损失。SCOR模型可以清晰地将整个供应链的组成结构、操作流程描述出来,以此为基础运用模型的顶层、配置层、元素层和实施层这4个层级对集成供应链风险进行了研究。根据集成供应链主体构成的特点将供应链整体风险划分为5类,分别为需求风险、供应风险、运作过程风险、环境风险以及制度风险。并通过建立供应链风险识别指标体系以有针对性地识别某一企业的供应链风险。     

外军皮肤防护器材化学防护性能测试与评价用标准物质研究进展

本文简迷了皮肤防护器材--化学防护服(衣)化学防护性能试验与评价用标准物质的重要性,系统地概述了外军化学防护服(衣)化学防护性能试验与评价用标准物质的研究现状,并提出了我国化学防护服(衣)防护性能试验与评价用标准物质研制过程中应注意的一些问题.     

有证标准样品的应用及其管理方法探讨

介绍了有证标准样品的定义和主要作用,详细阐述了有证标准样品在检测实验室的7个主要应用领域、正确使用指南和科学管理方法,以保证检测实验室检测结果的准确和量值溯源性。     

建筑结构活荷载标准与灾害荷载设防水平 --使用年限的影响

旨在提供不同使用年限建筑结构对应的活荷载水平.分析了结构可靠度理论的特点,揭示了设计使用年限是结构可靠度的时间特征.应根据不同设计使用年限活荷载的超越概率等于常规设计荷载超越概率的原则确定活荷的载标准;通过建立不同设计使用期、不同设计基准期与活荷载取值的关系,给出了不同使用年限对应活荷载与灾害荷载设防水平.     

USING REFERENCE SITES AND SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION TO ESTIMATE LONG‐TERM WATER LEVELS IN COASTAL PLAIN FORESTS1

ABSTRACT: The ability of regulators, resource managers, and consultants to assess accurately wetland hydrology is crucial when identifying and delineating wetlands. In this study, simple linear regression and long‐term (ten year) New Jersey Pinelands stream gaging and pitch pine lowland water‐level data sets were used to estimate long‐term hydroperiods at lowland test sites with short‐term (two year) records. Separate regression equations were developed for each test site using reference site data and stream gaging data, and two sets of equations for selected test sites were produced using two different short‐term periods of record. Test sites had long‐term records ranging from four to ten years, allowing validation of the regression models. Measured and predicted test site growing season water levels were similar regardless of which short‐term period of record was used. The results based on the stream gaging site data were similar, although the difference between measured and estimated growing season water levels was greater when this approach was used. Excellent agreement was found between measured and estimated frequencies of near‐surface saturation at test sites for each growing season month, and these relationships improved when cumulative, seasonal frequencies were considered. The reference wetland approach used in this study may have its greatest value in regions with both high development pressures and problem wetlands and may provide an effective way of resolving costly wetland delineation disputes.     

环境监测用高锰酸盐指数和氨氮标准溶液量值比对研究

针对高锰酸盐指数(COD_Mn)和氨氮(NH₃-N)标准溶液(以下简称液标)制造商、浓度水平和使用情况进行调研,根据调研结果选择常用的7个品牌COD_Mn液标和9个常用NH₃-N液标品牌开展量值比对和质量评价研究,匿名采购129支液标经盲样编码后采用《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)推荐标准进行分析测定,计算和评定测定结果的不确定度,以En法进行量值比对评价。研究表明,NH₃-N液标量值均满意,COD_Mn测试中的加盖操作会使测定结果偏高,按照证书要求操作时COD_Mn液标量值合格,未按照液标证书中要求进行液标样品前处理测定会造成测定结果的偏离,影响评价结果。建议监测人员合理选用和规范使用环境用液标,加强环境用液标的选购和管理,确保检测过程得到有效控制。     

Oxidative stress and DNA damages induced by cadmium accumulation

Experimental evidence shows that cadmium （Cd） could induce oxidative stress and then causes DNA damage in animal cells, however, whether such effect exists in plants is still unclear. In the present study, Vicia faba plants was exposed to 5 and 10 mg/L Cd for 4 d to investigate the distribution of Cd in plant, the metal effects on the cell lipids, antioxidative enzymes and DNA damages in leaves. Cd induced an increase in Cd concentrations in plants. An enhanced level of lipid peroxidation in leaves and an enhanced concentration of H2O2 in root tissues suggested that Cd caused oxidative stress in Vicia faba. Compared with control, Cd-induced enhancement in superoxide dismutase activity was significant at 5 mg/L than at 10 mg/kg in leaves, by contrast, catalase and peroxidaseactivities were significantly suppressed by Cd addition. DNA damage was detected by neutral/neutral, alkaline/neutral and alkaline/alkaline Comet assay. Increased levels of DNA damages induced by Cd occurred with reference to oxidative stress in leaves, therefore, oxidative stress induced by Cd accumulation in plants contributed to DNA damages and was possibly an important mechanism of Cd-phytotoxicity in Vicia faba plants.     

Emissions of SO2, NO and N2O in a circulating fluidized bed combustor during co-firing coal and biomass

This paper presents the experimental investigations of the emissions of SO2, NO and N2O in a bench scale circulating fluidized bed combustor for coal combustion and co-firing coal and biomass. The thermal capacity of the combustor is 30 kW. The setup is electrically heated during startup. The influence of the excess air, the degree of the air staging, the biomass share and the feeding position of the fuels on the emissions of SO2, NO and N2O were studied. The results showed that an increase in the biomass shares resulted in an increase of the CO concentration in the flue gas, probably due to the high volatile content of the biomass. In co-firing, the emission of SO2 increased with increasing biomass share slightly, however, non-linear increase relationship between SO2 emission and fuel sulfur content was observed. Air staging significantly decreased the NO emission without raising the SO2 level. Although the change of the fuel feeding position from riser to downer resulted in a decrease in the NO emission level, no obvious change was observed for the SO2 level. Taking the coal feeding position R as a reference, the relative NO emission could significantly decrease during co-firing coal and biomass when feeding fuel at position D and keeping the first stage stoichiometry greater than 0.95. The possible mechanisms of the sulfur and nitrogen chemistry at these conditions were discussed and the ways of simultaneous reduction of SO2, NO and N2O were proposed.