河西地区近50年参考作物蒸散量的演变趋势及其影响因素

根据河西地区17站点近50年的逐日气象资料,利用Penman-Monteith方程计算了逐日ET0,以Mann-Kendall法对各站不同季节、年ET0平均总量进行趋势检验。结果表明：武威、古浪、天祝3站年ET0呈增加趋势,其余14站均呈下降趋势,其中有9站通过显著性水平检验。春、夏、秋、冬四季酒泉地区和张掖地区各站ET0值均呈下降趋势,武威地区各站变化趋势不一致,且前者ET0值下降趋势总体较后者明显。典型站点ET0与气候要素多元线形回归分析表明：风速是不同季节、不同站点影响ET0变化的首要因子。其次,最高温度、相对湿度、日照时数也是影响年ET0及各站点不同季节ET0变化的主要因子。     

用有证标准样品进行能力验证的方法探讨

探讨了采用多组有证标准样品进行能力验证的方法 ,该方法对同一个项目选择几种不同标准值的有证标准物质作为测试样品 ,将测试结果统一用偏离度p作为能力量进行评定 ,p =(测试值 -标准值 ) /标准值的不确定度。将该方法应用于湖北省环境监测系统2 0 0 3年能力验证 ,结果表明 ,p具有可比性和统计意义 ,采用多组有证标准物质进行能力验证的方法是可行的     

Pairing Modern and Paleolimnological Approaches to Evaluate the Nutrient Status of Lakes in Upper Midwest National Parks

Understanding what constitutes a reference (background) nutrient condition for lakes is important for National Park Service managers responsible for preserving and protecting aquatic resources. For this study we characterize water quality conditions in 29 lakes across four national parks, and compare their nutrient status to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) nutrient reference criteria and alternative criteria recently proposed by others. Where appropriate we also compare the nutrient status of these 29 lakes to state or tribal nutrient reference criteria or standards. For lakes that exceed reference criteria we investigate physical and chemical patterns, and for a subset of lakes compare modern nutrient conditions to paleolimnological (i.e., diatom‐inferred [DI]) nutrient reconstructions. Many lakes exceeded USEPA nutrient reference criteria, but met alternative less restrictive criteria. Modern nutrient conditions were also largely consistent with DI historic (pre‐1900) nutrient conditions. Lakes exceeding alternative nutrient criteria and with elevated nutrient levels relative to DI historic conditions were mostly small, shallow, and dystrophic; continued attention to their nutrient dynamics and biological response is warranted. Coupling modern and paleolimnological data offer an innovative and scientifically defensible approach to understand long‐term nutrient trends and provide greater context for comparison with reference conditions.     

水污染分析校准用汞溶液的研制

研制了水污染分析校准用汞溶液。采用原子荧光光谱法对样品进行了均匀性和稳定性检验,对样品的量值进行了验证并进行了不确定度评定。检验结果表明:汞溶液均匀性良好,室温条件下可稳定36个月以上;样品的标准值为100 mg/L,扩展不确定度为2 mg/L。样品量值与美国AccuStandard公司同种标准物质具有一致性。可用于水中汞检测的测定标准、质量控制、分析方法研究以及实验室能力验证等方面。     

Amplification of plasmid DNA bound on soil colloidal particles and clay minerals by the polymerase chain reaction

Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)was used to amplify a 600-base pair(bp)sequence of plasmid pGEX-2T DNA bound on soil colloidal particles from Brown soil(Alfisol)and Red soil(Ultisol),and three different minerals(goethite,kaolinite,montmorillonite). DNA bound on soil colloids,kaolinite,and montmorillonite was not amplified when the complexes were used directly but amplification occurred when the soil colloid or kaolinite-DNA complex was diluted,10- and 20-fold.The montmorillonite-DNA complex required at least 100-fold dilution before amplification could be detected.DNA bound on goethile was amplified irrespective of whether the complex was used directly,or diluted 10- and 20-fold.The amplification of mineral-bound plasmid DNA by PCR is,therefore,markedly influenced by the type and concentration of minerals used.This information is of fundamental importance to soil molecular microbial ecology with particular reference to monitoring the fate of genetically engineered microorganisms and their recombinant DNA in soil environments.     

青岛沿海大气气溶胶中海盐源的贡献

重点研究青岛沿海地区大气气溶胶的海盐来源 .在 Na主要来自于海盐 ,Cl存在亏损的情况下 ,为确定大气气溶胶中的海盐源贡献率 ,将 Na和 Cl作为海盐源参比元素计算得到的海盐源贡献率分别作为上限和下限 ,得出青岛沿海地区大气气溶胶中海盐源的年均质量浓度贡献率大致为 6.3%～ 9.7%.海盐源对气溶胶的贡献随气溶胶粒径增大而增加 .青岛沿海大气气溶胶氯亏损在 36.2 %～ 65.9%范围内 ,是大气中气态无机氯的来源之一 .     

湖北省实施排污权交易的障碍及对策分析

湖北省排污权市场的交易频率与交易规模都亟待提高。本文选择全国首家排污权交易中心一嘉兴市排污权储备交易中心作为比较对象,分别从排污权的初始分配、交易制度设计和激励机制等三个方面对两地的具体做法进行了详细的分析比较,最后得出：湖北省在实施排污交易的过程中,初始排污权的分配难以体现公平与效率;集中竞价的交易方式并非当前的最优选择;重平台、忽激励的交易制度设计埋下了市场交易冷清的隐患。最后,提出了相应的改进建议。     

测定大气中丙烯醛标准样品的研制

以甲醇为溶剂配制了用于测定大气中丙烯醛(丙烯醛-2,4-二硝基苯腙)的标准样品,通过气相色谱电子俘获检测器或液相色谱紫外检测器(波长360 nm)进行分析测试.采用重量法配制,经过均匀性、稳定性检验和多个高水平的实验室用气相色谱、液相色谱方法定值,数理统计检验,给出了标准样品的标准值和不确定度.该标准样品可应用于环境监测、污染控制、质量保证和质量控制、仪器校准等.      

Determining reference conditions for TN, TP, SD and Chl-a in eastern plain ecoregion lakes, China

Establishing the nutrient reference condition(baseline environmental condition) of lakes in an ecoregion is a critical consideration in the development of scientifically defensible aquatic nutrient criteria.Three methods were applied to determine reference conditions in the Eastern plain ecoregion lakes with respect to total phosphorus(TP),total nitrogen(TN),planktonic chlorophyll a(Chl-a) and Secchi depth(SD).The reference condition value for the lakes in the Eastern plain ecoregion by the trisection method is TP of 0.029 mg/L,TN of 0.67 mg/L,Chl-a of 3.92 mg/m 3,SD of 0.85 m,and the reference condition range by the lake population distribution approach is TP of 0.014-0.043 mg/L,TN of 0.360-0.785 mg/L,Chl-a of 1.78-4.73 mg/m 3,SD of 0.68-1.21 m.Additionally,empirical models were developed for estimating the reference Chl-a concentration and SD successfully for lakes in the Eastern plain ecoregion.Overall,the data suggest that multiple methods can be used to determine reference conditions and that in Eastern plain ecoregion lakes the reference condition corresponds to a mesotrophic status.     

环境空气PM2.5化学组分监测数据审核指标的建立:以长三角地区为例

本研究基于2014~2017年长三角地区2100余组环境空气PM_2.5组分监测数据,建立了组分监测数据有效性的审核指标.以百分位数法（P_2.5,P_97.5）确定了长三角地区阴离子（A）与阳离子（C）电荷当量浓度比（A/C）、所测组分浓度之和（∑组分）与PM_2.5实测浓度比、基于物质重构的PM_2.5质量浓度（PM_2.5,重构）与PM_2.5实测浓度比、S/SO₄^2-和K/K⁺的双侧95%参考范围分别为：（0.82,1.35）、（0.63,0.94）、（0.62,1.00）、（0.28,0.50）和（0.66,2.31）,且上述指标各月的平均值和参考范围基本不受季节变化影响.NH₄⁺的理论浓度与实测浓度检验结果表明,NH₄⁺的化学形态呈现季节性变化,春夏季主要以NH₄NO₃和（NH₄）₂SO₄形态存在,秋冬季则主要以NH₄NO₃、（NH₄）₂SO₄和NH₄Cl形态存在.相关研究的验证结果表明,A/C指标的通过率为87.1%,其他4项指标的通过率高达100%,说明上述审核指标的参考范围不仅适用于长三角地区,在我国其他地区也具有参考价值.本研究还发现,审核指标的使用有一定条件,对于S/SO₄^2-,夏季数据适用条件为PM_2.5≥40 μg ·m^-3,春秋冬三季数据适用条件为60 μg ·m^-3≤PM_2.5≤140 μg ·m^-3;对于其他审核指标,当PM_2.5≥60 μg ·m^-3时,上述参考范围基本能够全年普遍适用.