A proposed coast-wide reference monitoring system for evaluating wetland restoration trajectories in Louisiana

Wetland restoration efforts conducted in Louisiana under the Coastal Wetlands Planning, Protection and Restoration Act require monitoring the effectiveness of individual projects as well as monitoring the cumulative effects of all projects in restoring, creating, enhancing, and protecting the coastal landscape. The effectiveness of the traditional paired-reference monitoring approach in Louisiana has been limited because of difficulty in finding comparable reference sites. A multiple reference approach is proposed that uses aspects of hydrogeomorphic functional assessments and probabilistic sampling. This approach includes a suite of sites that encompass the range of ecological condition for each stratum, with projects placed on a continuum of conditions found for that stratum. Trajectories in reference sites through time are then compared with project trajectories through time. Plant community zonation complicated selection of indicators, strata, and sample size. The approach proposed could serve as a model for evaluating wetland ecosystems.     

环境标准样品在实验室质量控制应用中应注意的问题

通过对实验分析质量保证工作中存在的实际问题进行了论述;从仪器条件、实验样品前处理以及分析测定方法的选择等方面对环境标准样品的使用,及其对实验分析质量控制的影响进行了分析,并提出了相应的合理化建议。     

基于ANFIS的陕西省参考作物蒸散量计算

为有效提高陕西省参考作物蒸散量（ET₀）的计算精度,选取陕西省6个气象站点57 a（1960—2016年）每日气象资料,构建8种基于自适应神经模糊推理系统（ANFIS）的ET₀计算模型,将其与Hargreaves-Samani、Makkink和Iramk等三种在陕西省ET₀计算精度较高的模型进行比较。结果表明：ANFIS模型能较好地反映气象因子与ET₀之间的复杂非线性关系,在仅有气温数据时,ANFIS模型具有足够的精度（平均R²=0.894,平均R_MSE=0.558 mm/d,平均MRE=18.258%）,ANFIS模型的精度随着气象因子数量的增加而增加;在相同气象条件下,ANFIS模型模拟效果最好;ANFIS模型具有较强的泛化能力,基于不同站点也有较高的精度（平均R²=0.974,平均R_MSE=0.276 mm/d,平均MRE=8.608%）,具有很好的可移植性。因此,在缺少气象数据时,ANFIS可以作为陕西省ET₀的计算模型,为农业用水管理及水资源优化配置提供帮助。     

Evaluation and in situ assessment of photodegradation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in semipermeable membrane devices deployed in ocean water

Semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) were deployed in water using four different methods: a typical SPMD cage with and without a mesh cover, a bowl chamber and without any protection. In addition to routinely used performance reference compounds (PRCs), perdeuterated dibenz[a,h]anthracene was added. Due to its high sampler to water partition coefficient no measurable clearance due to diffusion was expected during the deployment period, hence any observed loss could be attributed to photodegradation. The loss of PRCs was measured and SPMD-based water concentrations determined. Results showed that a typical SPMD deployment cage covered with mesh provided the best protection from photodegradation. Samplers which had undergone the highest photodegradation underestimated PAH water concentrations by up to a factor of 5 compared to the most protected SPMDs. This study demonstrates that the potential for photodegradation needs to be addressed when samplers are deployed in water of low turbidity.     

Magnitude,Frequency, and Duration Relations for Suspended Sediment in Stable (“Reference”) Southeastern Streams1

Abstract: Sediment is listed as one of the leading causes of water‐quality impairments in surface waters of the United States (U.S.). A water body becomes listed by a State, Territory or Tribe if its designated use is not being attained (i.e., impaired). In many cases, the prescribed designated use is aquatic health or habitat, indicating that total maximum daily loads (TMDL) targets for sediment should be functionally related to this use. TMDL targets for sediment transport have been developed for many ecoregions over the past several years using suspended‐sediment yield as a metric. Target values were based on data from “reference” streams or reaches, defined as those exhibiting geomorphic characteristics of equilibrium. This approach has proved useful to some states developing TMDLs for suspended sediment, although one cannot conclude that if a stream exceeds the target range, the aquatic ecosystem will be adversely impacted. To address this problem, historical flow‐transport and sediment‐transport data from hundreds of sites in the Southeastern U.S. were re‐examined to develop parameters (metrics) such as frequency and duration of sediment concentrations. Sites determined as geomorphically stable from field evaluations and from analysis of gauging‐station records were sorted by ecoregion. Mean‐daily flow data obtained from the U.S. Geological Survey were applied to sediment‐transport rating relations to determine suspended‐sediment load for each day of record. The frequency and duration that a given concentration was equaled or exceeded were then calculated to produce a frequency distribution for each site. “Reference” distributions were created using the stable sites in each ecoregion by averaging all of the distributions at specified exceedance intervals. As with the “reference” suspended‐sediment yields, there is a broad range of frequency and duration distributions that reflects the hydrologic and sediment‐transport regimes of the ecoregions. Ecoregions such as the Mississippi Valley Loess Plains (#74) maintain high suspended sediment concentrations for extended periods, whereas coastal plain ecoregions (#63 and 75) show much lower concentrations.     

基准氧含量在大气固定源污染物排放标准中的应用与启示

基准氧含量是大气固定源污染物排放标准中的一项重要指标,直接影响着对污染物排放浓度的达标判断。收集整理了近年来国家和地方制修订的主要大气固定源污染物排放标准,深入分析了基准氧含量指标在标准中的优化调整情况、实际应用效果及制修订背景和作用。针对基准氧含量在标准应用中仍存在着行业符合性划分不细致、适用条件不明确等问题,提出了以生产工艺和生产设施为基础,科学合理规定基准氧含量的建议。     

东京湾水环境治理对深圳的启示

分析东京湾社会经济、水环境状况和治理历程,其水环境变化经历了先污染后治理的历程.近几十年东京湾环境管理内容纳入行政管理范围,环境对策、措施随着主要环境问题的变化也经历了诸多变化,促进东京湾水环境逐步改善和恢复.结合东京湾环境管理历程和深圳湾区水环境主要问题,分析深圳湾区水环境治理存在的差距及经验借鉴,可从制度建设、体制机制、投融资渠道和公众参与等方面进行完善,为深圳湾区水环境治理和改善提供参考.     

Landmarks’ use in speech map navigation tasks

Tools for assisting human navigation, especially in-vehicle systems, have been extensively investigated. However, few studies have explored the design of speech-based over-the-phone guidance systems. This study examined the effect of landmarks' use and the effect of landmarks’ frames of reference in route instructions on navigation efficiency during map navigation tasks and satisfaction. Twenty-seven participants performed map navigation tasks using a simulated speech navigation system in three experimental conditions: instructions containing no landmarks, instructions containing landmarks located without reference to either the traveler’s body or the surrounding environment, and instructions containing landmarks located with respect to the traveler’s body. Navigation performances on maps were higher and landmarks enable participants to make fewer directional errors and find their routes more efficiently. Satisfaction levels and navigation performances were lower when instructions did not contain any landmarks. Landmarks’ frames of reference shifting turned out to be different between human-human situations previously used and human-computer situations used here.