石化装置长周期安全运行风险分析和对策

随着国际竞争的激烈,石化生产装置的长周期运行成为我国石化企业的降本增效的主要手段。如何保证本质安全成为长周期运行的难题。本文以延迟焦化装置为例,主要从工艺原理、工艺原则流程和物料性质等方面进行了系统的风险分析,对设备利用英国TISCHUK公司的T-OCA软件进行RBI(Risk-based Inspection,即RBI)评估,确定了装置长周期运行存在的薄弱环节,并提出了控制措施。实践证明,该套方法对我国石化生产装置的长周期安全运行提供了科学的技术支持。     

采用缓和湿式氧化工艺处理乙烯废碱液和炼油废碱渣

介绍了缓和湿式氧化法处理乙烯废碱液和炼油废碱渣的工艺原理和流程。由试验结果可以看出,利用此工艺处理乙烯废碱液和炼油废碱渣时,反应温度、停留时间不同,S2-去除率和反应产物也不同。在反应温度为120 ℃时,S2-的氧化产物以S2O32-的形式存在;当反应温度升高到150 ℃后,S2-的氧化产物以S2O32-和SO42-的形式并存;在反应温度达到180 ℃后,生成的S2O32-基本上完全转化为SO42-离子。在适宜的工艺条件(反应温度120 ℃,停留时间不低于40 min)下,混合废碱液或乙烯废碱液中S2-的排放浓度可降至2 mg/L以下。     

中空纤维膜生物反应器处理炼厂浮选池出水试验研究

研究设计的膜生物反应器处理炼厂浮选池出水,在每天进水容积负荷1.0 kg COD/m3,进水COD浓度600 mg/L,MLSS为900～5500 mg/L的条件下,无论活性污泥表现正常还是膨胀,过滤出水中COD均稳定地小于90 mg/L,处理效果好于目前炼油厂的合建式曝气池(容积负荷为0.5 kg COD/m3左右,出水COD100 mg/L左右)。试验运行期间,膜通量最高可达到42 L/m2·h。该工艺的技术关键是采用特殊流态来降低膜堵塞的膜生物反应器和优良质量的膜。     

生物接触氧化法在炼油废水回用处理中的应用

利用生物接触氧化法对炼油厂的外排污水进行深度处理,在曝气时间大于3h的情况下,可以有效地降低COD、氨氮,伴随硝化反应的发生,出水的碱度也下降。当停留时间足够时,水气比对水中溶解氧的浓度影响不大,较低的有机物浓度成为微生物降解活动的限制因素。经过生物接触氧化处理后的污水的腐蚀速率反而升高,体现出微生物的腐蚀作用和硝化反应的作用。     

隔音值班室是减少噪声危害的有效途径

炼油是连续性自动化生产，其操作人员的正常工作主要是在值班室通过监视仪表来控制装置。为了防止设备噪声对人体的危害，应修建隔音值班室。经过对本厂３０个隔音值班室实际运行的调查、分析，认为隔音值班室是减少噪声危害的有效途径。     

NEW REQUIREMENTS FOR LOCAL UNITS OF GOVERNMENT IN WATER RESOURCES PLANNING: INSIGHTS FOR IMPLEMENTATION FROM RECENT WATER RESOURCES PLANNING RESEARCH1

ABSTRACT: Recent Federal and some State legislation has enlarged the scope of permitted or required actions of local units of government in water resources management and protection. Much of the legislation encourages local units of government to introduce water resources planning measures which will be preventive instead of corrective. Extensive public works measures, environmental destruction and the threat to human life can thus be eliminated or reduced. Research has developed and tested a method for identifying the elements of a water resources protection program for small urbanizing watersheds which was technically adequate and socially acceptable to the communities implementing such programs. Research results suggest that deliberate efforts will be necessary to inform and educate local units of government as to the usefulness of the legislation; and that the program must reflect local natural resource conditions and local preferences for the method of accomplishing the protection. Successful implementation could be restrained by inertia of local units of government, a lack of tradition in such programs, and hostile existing agencies.     

A BIO ASSAY LABORATORY BOAT WITH COMPARISONS OF CENTRAL VS. BOAT LABORATORY BIOASSAY EVALUATIONS1

ABSTRACT: A laboratory boat designed to investigate toxic effects on site and its use as a bioassay tool in the study of a refinery effluent discharged into the Schuylkill River, a tributary of the Delaware River, is described. Three-hundred thirty-six-hour continuous-flow bioassay s exposing the bluegill sunfish, the channel catfish, the tadpole snail, the grass shrimp, and the sheephead minnow to concentrations of refinery effluent in Schuylkill, Delaware River, and Delaware Bay water, with and without the addition of sediment were performed. Results indicated that the toxicity (lethality) of fresh samples tested aboard the boat (refinery effluent, dilution water, sediment) were considerably higher (i.e., refinery effluent at full strength was 2.2X as lethal to the bluegill, 1.4X as lethal to the channel catfish, 1.5X as lethal to the sheep-head minnow and 100X as lethal to the grass shrimp) than the same test material collected from the refinery outfall and brought to a central laboratory for testing. Chemical analysis and bioassay data is presented showing the effects of aging and irradiation upon the refinery effluent.     

GROUNDWATER ZONING IN WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT1

In today's society the planned management of groundwater resources has played an increasingly greater role. One means of insuring the protection of groundwater quantity and quality is a regional zoning of groundwater resources. Regional zoning means to classify a given region with regard to hydrogeological characteristics and to evaluate and determine the possible use of each zone. The necessary assumption is the appropriate knowledge of geological structure (compiled in a geological map) and of hydrogeological conditions (compiled in a hydrogeological map). The basis for subdivision is a hydrogeological unit distinguished and delineated on the basis of lithological, stratigraphical, structural, and hydrogeological characteristics. It should have its own distinct hydrological system. The hydrogeological region is the basic unit. Regions may be grouped into larger units: hydrogeological provinces and realms. The subdivision of regions into hydrogeological zones, or subzones when applicable, forms the basis for a groundwater development plan.     

炼油厂含硫污水处理副产品──氨水的综合利用

通过叙述炼油厂常减压装置“三顶”、催化裂化装置分馏塔顶注入氨水以代替烧碱的工艺流程、操作条件。并结合数据分析说明注氨后对油品质量、设备防腐所起到的效果。说明该项技术合理、安全可靠。同时阐述了该项“三废”处理及环保技术的综合利用价值,给企业带来一定的经济效益和环境效益。     

咪唑类季铵盐阳离子絮凝剂的制备及其在炼油厂废水中的应用

为提高环氧氯丙烷胺类絮凝剂的絮凝性能,以2-甲基咪唑为交联剂,以环氧氯丙烷、二甲胺为原料,制备了新型季铵盐阳离子絮凝剂——MZO,并对其进行红外、核磁表征. 采用MZO对抚顺炼油厂废水进行絮凝除浊试验,并与其他6种改性絮凝剂〔交联剂分别为HMTA(六次甲基四胺)、DET(二乙烯三胺)、TER(三乙烯四胺)、ED(乙二胺)、TE(三乙胺)、DAA(二烯丙基胺)〕进行了对比. 通过单因素试验研究MZO投加量、絮凝温度及其与PFC(聚合氯化铁)复配使用等因素对絮凝性能的影响,通过正交试验确定了其最佳使用条件. 结果表明:①MZO的阳离子度为41.1%,并非最高,但MZO对炼油废水的除浊率能达到98.8%,比其他6种改性絮凝剂提高了1.2%~20.0%不等;②单因素试验确定MZO的最佳絮凝温度为60 ℃,最佳投加量为30 mg/L,MZO与PFC的最佳复配比(质量比)为1∶40;③结合正交试验结果、生产及经济因素确定其最佳使用条件:絮凝温度为55 ℃,投加量为25 mg/L,复配比(质量比)为1∶20,在此条件下,复配后絮凝剂的除浊率达到98.2%.