运用模糊层次分析法评价关键装置要害部位

针对目前关键装置要害部位的安全技术报告中只进行定性评估的不足,运用模糊层次分析法对催化裂化装置进行了评价,评价结果对改进关键装置要害部位安全管理提供了决策依据.     

洞庭湖流域分布式水文模型

流域出口径流观测序列是水文模型参数率定重要依据,不受水文站控制区域的模型应用是水文研究关注点之一。首先根据水文站观测资料建立洞庭湖流域四水控制站之上基于水文响应单元的分布式水文模型,在此基础上结合实验、同质移植和虚拟水库等方法,将分布式水文模型拓展到包含无径流站控制区域的丘陵区间和平原圩垸区,最终实现了洞庭湖全流域水文过程模拟。结果表明:在较完备土壤、地形、土地利用等空间数据支持下,通过合理的流域划分和水文响应单元定义,建立的流域分布式水文模型可以较好地在水文响应单元尺度反应降水发生后蒸散、地表径流、土壤和地下水的响应特征。而基于观测实验及基流分割等方法获取的关键水文过程特征对模型参数优化的认识,可以提高模型参数率定效率,在较少优化迭代运算后既可使月径流模拟的效率系数NSE和确定性系数R²值高于0.81(日过程高于0.62)。借助参数同质移植和虚拟水库解决了区间和圩垸区无控制站区域水文过程模拟。在全流域水文过程的模拟中,基流指数和蒸散比例与实际过程具有较好的一致性。说明相关参数较好地反映了其物理机制,具备在相似气候及下垫面条件区域进行同质移植的基础,圩垸区径流交换采用虚拟水库的处理方式也合理可行。     

Assessment of electrocoagulation for the treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater

Batch electrocoagulation experiments were carried out to evaluate the removal of sulfate and COD from petroleum refinery wastewater using three types of electrodes: aluminum, stainless steel, and iron. The effects of current density, electrode arrangement, electrolysis time, initial pH, and temperature were investigated for two wastewater samples with different concentrations of COD and sulfate. The experimental results indicated that the utilization of aluminum, as anode and cathode, was by far the most efficient arrangement in the reduction of both the contaminants. The treatment process was found to be largely affected by the current density and the initial composition of the wastewater. Although electrocoagulation was found to be most effective at 25°C and a pH of 8, the influence of these two parameters on the removal rate was not significant. The results demonstrated the technical feasibility of electrocoagulation as a possible and reliable technique for the pretreatment of heavily contaminated petroleum refinery wastewater.     

Enhancing disaster management by mapping disaster proneness and preparedness

The focus of most disaster management programmes is to deploy resources-physical and human-from outside the disaster zone. This activity can produce a delay in disaster mitigation and recovery efforts, and a consequent loss of human lives and economic resources. It may be possible to expedite recovery and prevent loss of life by mapping out disaster proneness and the availability of resources in advance. This study proposes the development of two indices to do so. The Indian census data of 2001 is used to develop a methodology for creating one index on disaster proneness and one on resourcefulness for administrative units (tehsils). Findings reveal that tehsil residents face an elevated risk of disaster and that they are also grossly under-prepared for such events. The proposed indices can be used to map regional service provision facilities and to assist authorities in evaluating immediate, intermediate, and long-term disaster recovery needs and resource requirements.     

炼油废水微生物燃料电池启动及影响因素

以炼油废水为碳源,构建双室填料型微生物燃料电池,考察接种液、外接电阻等电池启动条件,以及电导率、pH值和缓冲溶液强度等溶液性质对电池产电性能的影响。利用微生物燃料处理炼油废水,COD去除率(52±4)%,含油量去除率(81.8±3)%;利用废水中存在的原生菌即可启动电池,但启动期长,外加接种液可快速启动电池;启动时外接电阻的大小对电池稳定运行后的输出功率有明显影响,对电池内阻影响相对较小,当启动外接电阻为2 000Ω,电池输出功率最大,为288 mW/m3;随阳极溶液电导率电池增大,电池内阻降低,输出功率升高;pH值变化对电池阳极电势影响较大,进而影响电池输出,当溶液pH为9时,电池输出电压最大(388 mV),pH过高或过低均不利于电池产电;随着缓冲强度的增大,电池输出电压增大,且PBS缓冲强度的增大可从电导率增大和改善质子传递条件两方面提高电池的输出功率。     

纳滤处理炼化污水反渗透浓水

分别采用4种纳滤膜处理某炼化公司的反渗透浓水。在初始COD为57.8 mg/L、TOC为23.94 mg/L、ρ(Ca2+)为289.0 mg/L、ρ(Mg2+)为54.6 mg/L、ρ(SO42-)为327.7 mg/L、ρ(Cl-)为1 106.8 mg/L的条件下,经纳滤处理后COD去除率达60%以上,污水COD降至30 mg/L以下,TOC去除率为31.9%~85.5%,阳离子的去除率为33.9%~97.0%,SO42-的去除率为63.3%~97.6%,Cl-的去除率较低。膜A的膜孔分布密集,具有很高的通量,对有机物和无机盐的截留效果较差;膜B和膜C对有机物和二价离子的截留效果较好;膜D的膜孔分布稀松,膜通量最低,对有机物和无机盐的截留能力均较强,但随出水体积的增加,对无机盐的截留能力下降较为明显。4种纳滤膜的性能各异,可满足不同企业的需求,具有良好的应用前景。     

基于NUTSP的湖南省国土空间标准地域单元划分研究

标准地域单元划分是国土空间规划关于国土空间综合分区进行空间评价的基础。为了给国土空间规划编制提供更好的单元服务,在借鉴欧盟NUTS划分思路的基础上,提出了建立符合中国国情的省级国土空间规划基本评价单元模式——国土空间标准地域划分(NUTSP)理念,构建了标准地域单元划分的原则、依据和技术路线,并结合湖南省对省级尺度国土空间标准地域划分的具体实施途径进行了探讨。研究结果表明,根据NUTSP划分原则与方法,结合湖南省域内不同地域的地形地貌特征、资源禀赋差异、社会经济发展基础等因素,并与综合自然地理区划相衔接,对全省现有122个县级行政区划单元进行适当合并与拆分,重新划定135个国土空间标准地域单元,能从最大限度上满足未来全省国土空间规划对空间同质性与异质性的表达需求,对未来建立统一的空间规划体系和探索"多规合一"工作具有重要意义。     

炼油厂环境风险评价的实践和思考

按照《建设项目环境风险评价导则》要求,对某炼油厂环境风险评价的部分内容进行了介绍,指出了炼油厂环境风险评价重大危险源、最大可信事故源等评价结果.同时就工作中存在的问题,从环境的观点出发,就石油炼制行业的环境风险评价分级,事故概率的确定,事故状态下采取水体风险防范措施后源强的确定,事故危害后果定量分析,预测模式的研究方向等方面提出了相应意见.     

Development of double-variable seismic fragility functions for oil refinery piping systems

Seismic risk assessment of piping systems, as a group of vulnerable facilities in oil refineries, is mostly based on the single-variable fragility curves. However, it is well-known that the fragility curves, developed based on a single intensity measure (IM), are not much reliable. For increasing the confidence level of seismic risk assessment of piping systems, it was tried, in this study, to develop double-variable fragility functions by using peak ground acceleration (PGA) and peak ground velocity (PGV) together as the IMs. For this purpose, the piping system of the ISOMAX Unit of Tehran oil refinery was considered, and modeled by a powerful finite element analysis program under various loadings, including gravity, pressure and seismic loads. For seismic analyses 157 set of three-component earthquake records were employed, with PGA and PGV values varying respectively from around 0.1 g–0.6 g and 10 cm/s to 60 cm/s. By using the nonlinear time histories analyses results, two single-IM fragility curves and one double-IM fragility surface were developed based on the probability of exceedance of the maximum created stress, considered as the ‘damage index’, from the allowable stress. The results indicate that using PGA and PGV jointly, as the IMs in the development of fragility functions, provides more reliable vulnerability estimations. For example, the single-IM fragility function gives, for PGA = 0.2 g, a probability of exceedance of 75%, while by using the double-IM fragility function this probability may change from 30% for PGV = 10 cm/s to 95% for PGV = 60 cm/s.     

二段BAF工艺处理炼油废水研究

为了提高炼油废水生化处理的去除率和去除速率 ,开发二段曝气生物滤池工艺。研究结果表明 ,当水力停留时间仅为 4 .5h时 ,经该工艺处理出水的石油类、酚、NH3—N指标基本达到地面水ⅴ类标准 ,COD达到国家规定排放标准 ,可以消除炼油废水对环境的污染 ,具有很好的环境和社会效益。经过长时间的连续运行 ,确定出该工艺所需控制的有关参数及运行条件。