高硫炼油装置硫化氢泄漏场景集定量分析

随机规划方法已成为解决不确定条件下高硫炼油装置气体检测报警仪布置优化问题的重要途径,而构建接近真实情况的泄漏场景集则是实现随机规划的基础。目前,有毒气体泄漏场景集构建方面的研究鲜有报道,且传统以典型泄漏场景为代表的做法未能体现真实风险。为此给出一种融合泄漏概率和风场联合分布概率的定量构建硫化氢泄漏场景集的方法,使场景集包括重要泄漏场景并运用DNV的LEAK软件和历史气象数据定量预测场景的实现概率,为实现后续的气体泄漏检测报警仪布置随机规划提供技术支持。并以某柴油加氢装置为例,定量构建其硫化氢泄漏场景集,为后续的气体检测报警仪布置优化及其它基于定量风险分析的控制决策提供支持。     

石化废水生化处理工艺优化及提标改造

针对已建炼化污水处理装置提质达标的需求,采用旋流强化工艺对缺氧-好氧（A/O）池进行改造,生化出水TN由（32.8±8.9）mg/L降至（25.6±5.7） mg/L,TN平均去除率提高了约10百分点,且出水TN达标率达到100%,出水水质稳定达到GB 31570—2015《石油炼制行业污染物排放标准》的TN排放限值要求。旋流强化工艺技术先进,便于实施,适用于石化行业污水处理装置的改造升级,具有广泛的应用前景。     

微生物菌剂处理炼油废水的工程设计

炼油废水具有污染物浓度高、水质波动大、可生化性差等特点,采用常规生物处理,难以稳定达标。采用"高效微生物+生物模块"工艺路线,应用石油降解菌剂、硝化菌剂和与之匹配的工艺,处理炼油废水,出水水质稳定达到GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》一级标准,对COD和NH3-N的平均去除率分别为94.2%和93.1%。该工艺具有抗冲击负荷强、运行费用省、出水水质好等优点,有较好的应用价值。     

DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN WATERSHEDS AND ECOREGIONS1

ABSTRACT: In an effort to adopt more holistic ecosystem approaches to resource assessment and management, many state and federal agencies have begun using watershed or ecoregion frameworks. Although few would question the need to make this move from dealing with problems and issues on a case by case or point-type basis to broader regional contexts, misunderstanding of each of the frameworks has resulted in inconsistency in their use and ultimate effectiveness. The focus of this paper is on the clarification of both frameworks. We stress that the issue is not whether to use watersheds (or basins or hydrologic units) or ecoregions for needs such as developing ecosystem management and non-point source pollution strategies or structuring water quality regulatory programs, but how to correctly use the frameworks together. Definitions, uses, and misuses of each of the frameworks are discussed as well as ways watersheds and ecoregions can be and have been used together effectively to meet resource management needs.     

DETERMINATION OF CROP PRODUCTION LOSS DUE TO INADEQUATE DRAINAGE IN A LARGE WATERSHED1

ABSTRACT Results of a field survey designed to assess the extent of crop production losses due to inadequate drainage in a large watershed of Iowa is presented. Information on the current status of drainage of the watershed, located in the Des Moines River basin, was collected through personal interviews with 256 farmers from 60 legal drainage districts. The results of the survey indicate that 95 percent of the area in upper Des Moines River basin has inadequate district mains or main outlet drains currently having a design capacity of ≤ 0.64 cm/day drainage coefficient. Outlet capacity of 1.27 cm/day d.c. would be required for full production. Inadequate drainage in the watershed is currently responsible for crop yield reduction equal to about one-third of the maximum yield potential for average weather conditions.     

炼油污水生化处理单元的模拟与优化

目前石化废水处理存在管理粗放、能耗大以及为了处理流程冗长复杂等问题。对现有的处理流程进一步提标降耗是最经济可行的手段。以某炼油厂含油系列废水处理设施的运行为例,应用基于ASDM数学模型的BioWin软件,对其两级A/O工艺进行建模模拟。通过调节运行参数,考察了溶解氧(DO)、混合液悬浮固体浓度(MLSS)和分段进水比例等参数对出水水质的影响。结果表明:两级A/O各自的好氧池ρ(DO)均在2 mg/L,一级A/O的ρ(MLSS)在4000 mg/L左右,二级A/O的ρ(MLSS)在2 000 mg/L左右,两级进水比为4∶1时为最优条件。此时,COD和TN去除率分别了提高2.2%和14.6%,出水可满足现有排放标准,并且耐冲击能力强,可节省曝气能耗。     

复合人工湿地系统强化处理单元的运行特性与效果

针对目前人工湿地运行中的水流分布不均、易堵塞、溶解氧不足导致NH4+-N硝化不充分及除磷率低下等问题,研究了作为复合人工湿地系统组成要素的高负荷水解酸化池、自然复氧/沉淀一体化装置、强化除磷脱氮槽等强化处理单元的运行特性及对全系统处理效果的影响.结果表明,高负荷水解酸化池对COD、SS有较强的去除作用,分别占系统总去除率的38.05%和34.82%;一体化装置对SS的去除占系统总去除率的22.01%,并使DO提高到2.5 mg·L-1以上;经两段强化除磷脱氮槽的强化处理,TP综合去除率提高8%以上,并使湿地出水各类污染物全面达到GB 18918-2002一级A标准.     

石化废水深度处理及脱盐的中试研究

针对石化行业污水回用处理设施很快失效的现状,开发了“集成式悬浮载体生物氧化－砂滤－臭氧活性炭处理－超滤反渗透”的组合工艺对炼油厂外排水进行深度处理.连续7个月的中试结果表明,处理后外排水中COD、NH3-N、BOD5、油和浊度等均优于回用水标准,可作为工业循环冷却水、绿化用水和办公等用水;常规深度处理的出水经过超滤反渗透处理后,电导率稳定在35~40μS/cm,可作为动力车间的新鲜水,不会发生膜污染和堵塞问题.尽管外排水的水质波动很大,但是组合工艺运行稳定、可靠,具有突出的抗冲击性能.     

炼化装置固定式气体报警器存在问题及优化方案

介绍了中国石化炼化装置在使用固定式气体报警器过程中存在的主要问题,提出几点优化方案。     

浅析新建炼油化工企业HSE管理体系的建立运行

介绍了新建炼油化工企业HSE管理体系建立的总体程序,指出了策划及运行阶段过程中应关注的重点。