HAZOP技术在炼油火炬系统工艺危害分析中的应用

为系统辨识火炬系统存在的危险有害因素,提高火炬系统的安全设计及运行水平,采用危险与可操作性（HAZOP）分析对火炬系统开展了工艺危害分析。以火炬筒体为例,分析了火炬筒体的控制参数,给出了筒体火焰小、高空点火器点火不成功、地面爆燃点火系统点火失败等偏差的HAZOP分析结果,并针对高风险的偏差提出了相应的建议措施。从分析效果来看,HAZOP技术可用于炼油火炬系统的工艺危害分析,能系统地辨识炼油火炬系统存在的隐患,有助于提高装置工艺安全水平。     

炼油企业硫化氢危害识别与中毒防治措施

介绍了炼油行业硫化氢中毒的现状,识别了炼油企业硫化氢危害,分析了硫化氢中毒的事故原因,并介绍了三级预防的防治措施。     

Desulfurization of dibenzothiophene（DBT） by a novel strain Lysinibacillus sphaericus DMT-7 isolated from diesel contaminated soil

A new bacterial strain DMT-7 capable of selectively desulfurizing dibenzothiophene (DBT) was isolated from diesel contaminated soil. The DMT-7 was characterized and identified as Lysinibacillus sphaericus DMT-7 (NCBI GenBank Accession No. GQ496620) using 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis. The desulfurized product of DBT, 2-hydroxybiphenyl (2HBP), was identified and confirmed by high performance liquid chromatography analysis and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis respectively. The desulfurization kinetics revealed that DMT-7 started desulfurization of DBT into 2HBP after the lag phase of 24 hr, exponentially increasing the accumulation of 2HBP up to 15 days leading to approximately 60% desulfurization of the DBT. However, further growth resulted into DBT degradation. The induced culture of DMT-7 showed shorter lag phase of 6 hr and early onset of stationary phase within 10 days for desulfurization as compared to that of non-induced culture clearly indicating the inducibility of the desulfurization pathway of DMT-7. In addition, Lysinibacillus sphaericus DMT-7 also possess the ability to utilize broad range of substrates as sole source of sulfur such as benzothiophene, 3,4-benzo DBT, 4,6-dimethyl DBT, and 4,6-dibutyl DBT. Therefore, Lysinibacillus sphaericus DMT-7 could serve as model system for efficient biodesulfurization of diesel and petrol.     

石油炼化无组织VOCs的排放特征及臭氧生成潜力分析

选取我国光化学活跃的珠江三角洲地区(PRD)典型石油炼化工艺的炼油装置、化工装置和污水处理装置,采用离线和在线的多种先进仪器监测其VOCs的无组织排放特征,并采用间、对-二甲苯/苯(X/B)、甲苯/苯(T/B)、乙苯/苯(E/B)比值分析其VOCs的老化特征,采用最大增量反应活性法(MIR)、等效丙烯浓度法和OH自由基反应速率法(L_OH)3种方法综合评价其VOCs的化学反应活性及臭氧生成潜势(OFP).研究发现,炼油装置区和化工装置区总挥发性有机物(TVOC)浓度早晚高,中午低;污水处理区呈双峰趋势.3个装置区无组织排放的VOCs中烷烃浓度均占比最高,同一装置区内的不同装置VOCs排放特征不同.石化企业X/B、T/B和E/B值较城区和郊区的高,化工装置区的压缩碱洗装置区(CAW)T/B值最大.石化企业VOCs的活性较城区和郊区的强,其平均OH消耗速率常数为15.22×10^-12cm³/(mol·s),最大增量反应活性为4.21mol(O₃)/mol(VOC).化工装置区对石化企业OFP总量的贡献最高,为84.83%;其次是污水处理区,12.95%;炼油装置区最低,为2.22%.化工装置区的CAW对石化企业OFP贡献率最高,为34.26%;污水处理区的浮选池(FT)贡献率最低,为0.36%.     

A comparison of two methods to observe the effects of dual metal exposure to the chironomus larvae

A study was conducted to investigate the effects of metal mixtures on the Chironomus plumosus. Two methods of preparing the mixtures were used, the Toxic Unit (TU) method and the parts per million (PPM) + PPM method. A comparison was undertaken between the two methods to observe the ease with which (1) experiment could be conducted and (2) whether LC₅₀ values could be obtained. In this study, it was noted that the PPM + PPM method was an easier method to conduct metal mixture experiments as the LC₅₀ values could be easily calculated for individual metals and compared with the LC₅₀ values of metals obtained from single metal experiments. The findings showed that the LC₅₀ value for zinc (Zn) was more toxic for chromium (Cr) when it was reduced from 9.6 to 0.3 mg L^?1, with silver the LC₅₀ value became 3.6 mg L^?1, 4.5 mg L^?1 with nickel (Ni). In the PPM + PPM method, the LC₅₀ value for Zn was observed to be 10.2 mg L^?1 when in mixture with chromium, 23.8 mg L^?1 with silver, and 13.4 mg L^?1 with Ni. Changes in the 96 h LC₅₀ value were found to be significant for all metals.     

泥法A／O生物脱氮工艺处理腈纶废水和炼油废水

采用泥法Ａ／Ｏ生物脱氮工艺处理腈纶废水和炼油废水,出水中ＣＯＤ〈１００ｍｇ／Ｌ,ＮＨ３－Ｎ〈１５ｍｇ／Ｌ。但进水中油〉２０ｍｇ／Ｌ,ＮＨ３－Ｎ〉７００ｍｇ／Ｌ或ＳＣＮ＾－〉７０ｍｇ／Ｌ时,将对系统产生不良影响。本文介绍了１年来的运行情况,探讨了系统受影响的原因,并提出了改进建议。     

Microbial community dynamics at high organic loading rates revealed by pyrosequencing during sugar refinery wastewater treatment in a UASB reactor

High strength sugar refinery wastewater was treated in a mesophilic UASB. Pyrosequencing reveals microbial community succession with OLR increase. Diversity of microbial communities in OLR12 is much higher than those in OLR36 and OLR54.0 kgCOD/(kg VSS·d). Fermentative bacteria could deal with increasing OLR through the increase of microbial diversity and quantity. Hydrogen-producing acotogens and methanogens mainly coped with high OLR shocks by increasing the quantity of community The performance and microbial community structure in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASB) treating sugar refinery wastewater were investigated. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal reached above 92.0% at organic loading rates (OLRs) of 12.0–54.0 kgCOD/(m³·d). The volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in effluent were increased to 451.1 mg/L from 147.9 mg/L and the specific methane production rate improved by 1.2–2.2-fold as the OLR increased. The evolution of microbial communities in anaerobic sludge at three different OLRs was investigated using pyrosequencing. Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) at a 3% distance were 353, 337 and 233 for OLR12, OLR36 and OLR54, respectively. When the OLR was increased to 54.0 kgCOD /(m³·d) from 12.0 kgCOD/(m³·d) by stepwise, the microbial community structure were changed significantly. Five genera (Bacteroides, Trichococcus, Chryseobacterium, Longilinea and Aerococcus) were the dominant fermentative bacteria at the OLR 12.0 kgCOD/(m³·d). However, the sample of OLR36 was dominated by Lactococcus, Trichococcus, Anaeroarcus and Veillonella. At the last stage (OLR= 54.0 kgCOD/(m³·d)), the diversity and percentage of fermentative bacteria were markedly increased. Apart from fermentative bacteria, an obvious shift was observed in hydrogen-producing acetogens and non-acetotrophic methanogens as OLR increased. Syntrophobacter, Geobacter and Methanomethylovorans were the dominant hydrogen-producing acetogens and methylotrophic methanogens in the samples of OLR12 and OLR36. When the OLR was increased to 54.0 kgCOD/(m³·d), the main hydrogen-producing acetogens and hydrogenotrophic methanogens were substituted with Desulfovibrio and Methanospirillum. However, the composition of acetotrophic methanogens (Methanosaeta) was relatively stable during the whole operation period of the UASB reactor.     

炼油废水处理装置提标改造

对某炼油厂废水处理装置进行提标改造。在原炼油废水处理流程的基础上将接触氧化池改造为移动床生物膜反应器（MBBR）,将斜板沉淀池改换为高密度沉淀池,分别为新增曝气生物滤池（BAF）、催化臭氧氧化等深度处理工艺。改造后装置运行平稳,出水各项指标的6个月平均值：COD 25.2 mg/L,ρ（NH₃-N） 1.3 mg/L,TN 12.6 mg/L,TP 0.11 mg/L,满足《石油炼制工业污染物排放标准》（GB 31570—2015）的排放要求。改造后每年COD和NH₃-N消减分别约为240 t和44 t,环境效益显著。     

炼油废水中乳化态石油的生物处理可行性研究

对炼油废水中乳化态石油进行了生物除油研究．分离筛选了一组降解石油的微生物,并培养形成性能良好的活性污泥菌剂,在２ Ｌ的好氧反应器中用６ ～１０ ｈ 时间把废水中１４０ ｍｇ Ｌ－ １ 的乳化态石油降解到３０ ｍｇ Ｌ－ １ 以下,同时去除６０ ％ 左右 Ｃ Ｏ Ｄ;整个处理过程不产渣、不排泥,处理效果良好．本研究为生物除油代替絮凝浮选除油提供了实用方法和科学依据     

BAF中不同高度海绵铁填料表面物种多样性分析

主要通过目的片段的聚合酶链式反应(polymeraes chain reaction,PCR)扩增、Illumina高通量测序以及生物信息分析对曝气生物滤池(BAF)反应器中不同高度的海绵铁填料表面微生物丰度和多样性进行分析和研究。结果表明:Ctrl(原水样)以及反应器中优势种群均以变形菌门(Proteobacteria)为主,拟杆菌(Bacteroidetes)次之;等级丰度分布(Rank-Abundance)曲线中Ctrl物种数量为1 193,DO1(BAF上部水样)为2 389,DO2(BAF中部水样)为2 211,DO3(BAF下部水样)为1 890,DO1的丰度和生物多样性最高,随着DO浓度的降低(或填料空间位置的下降),微生物群落丰度和多样性均逐渐下降;Chao1指数比观察到的物种(observed species)指数对物种的丰度更加敏感,测得的OTUs(operational taxonomic units)数均高出400;DO1和DO2的物种均匀度较高,DO3和Ctrl的优势菌群所占比例很高,均匀度较低。通过PCoA(principal co-ordinates analysis)可以观察到DO1和DO2的物种组成最为相似。