A PCE groundwater plume discharging to a river: influence of the streambed and near-river zone on contaminant distributions

An investigation of a tetrachloroethene (PCE) groundwater plume originating at a dry cleaning facility on a sand aquifer and discharging to a river showed that the near-river zone strongly modified the distribution, concentration, and composition of the plume prior to discharging into the surface water. The plume, streambed concentration, and hydrogeology were extensively characterized using the Waterloo profiler, mini-profiler, conventional and driveable multilevel samplers (MLS), Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) surveys, streambed temperature mapping (to identify discharge zones), drivepoint piezometers, and soil coring and testing. The plume observed in the shallow streambed deposits was significantly different from what would have been predicted based on the characteristics of the upgradient plume. Spatial and temporal variations in the plume entering the near-river zone contributed to the complex contaminant distribution observed in the streambed where concentrations varied by factors of 100 to 5000 over lateral distances of less than 1 to 3.5 m. Low hydraulic conductivity semi-confining deposits and geological heterogeneities at depth below the streambed controlled the pattern of groundwater discharge through the streambed and influenced where the plume discharged into the river (even causing the plume to spread out over the full width of the streambed at some locations). The most important effect of the near-river zone on the plume was the extensive anaerobic biodegradation that occurred in the top 2.5 m of the streambed, even though essentially no biodegradation of the PCE plume was observed in the upgradient aquifer. Approximately 54% of the area of the plume in the streambed consisted solely of PCE transformation products, primarily cis-1,2-dichloroethene (cDCE) and vinyl chloride (VC). High concentrations in the interstitial water of the streambed did not correspond to high groundwater-discharge zones, but instead occurred in low discharge zones and are likely sorbed or retarded remnants of past high-concentration plume discharges. The high-concentration areas (up to 5529 microg/l of total volatile organics) in the streambed are of ecological concern and represent potential adverse exposure locations for benthic and hyporheic zone aquatic life, but the effect of these exposures on the overall health of the river has yet to be determined. Even if the upgradient source of PCE is remediated and additional PCE is prevented from reaching the streambed, the high-concentration deposits in the streambed will likely take decades to hundreds of years to flush completely clean under natural conditions because these areas have low vertical groundwater flow velocities and high retardation factors. Despite high concentrations of contaminants in the streambed, PCE was detected in the surface water only rarely due to rapid dilution in the river and no cDCE or VC was detected. Neither the sampling of surface water nor the sampling of the groundwater from the aquifer immediately adjacent to the river gave an accurate indication of the high concentrations of PCE biodegradation products present in the streambed. Sampling of the interstitial water of the shallow streambed deposits is necessary to accurately characterize the nature of plumes discharging to rivers.     

饮用水中硝酸根的催化还原研究进展

由于化肥的过度使用 ,造成地下水中硝酸盐的污染日益严重。饮用水中高浓度的硝酸盐对人类健康会产生极大的威胁。本文综述了催化还原脱除水中硝酸根的研究进展和现状 ,并对其发展趋势进行了简单的论述。     

Comparison of an assay for Dehalococcoides DNA and a microcosm study in predicting reductive dechlorination of chlorinated ethenes in the field

The study aims to compare the detection of 16S rRNA gene of Dehalococcoides species and the microcosm study for biotransformation in predicting reductive dechlorination of chlorinated ethenes in ground water at hazardous waste sites. A total of 72 ground water samples were collected from 12 PCE or TCE contaminated sites in the United States. The samples were analyzed and used to construct microcosms in the laboratory. The results showed that the presence of Dehalococcoides DNA was well associated with dechlorination to ethene in the field. Nearly half of the wells where Dehalococcoides DNA was detected had ethene as a dechlorination end product. In comparison, for ground water samples of 16 wells where ethene was detected, ethene was produced in 11 of the corresponding microcosms. For most microcosms, during two years of incubation, dechlorination was less extensive than that observed in the field.     

东江流域水污染控制与水生态系统恢复技术与综合示范

归纳了水专项东江项目2008—2013年的主要研究成果:针对保护优质水源的国家需求,选择典型的东江流域开展前瞻性的水污染控制技术研发并进行工程示范,创建了由常规水质指标实时在线化,痕量污染物控制指标识别筛选全流域优化,生物毒性指标甄别多属性全程化等成套技术构成的水源流域水质风险识别技术体系;由各类工艺废水脱毒减害,同质污水区域集中强化处理,排水持续净化等成套技术构成的水环境风险控制工程技术体系;由水生物链各物种生长状况评级,生境恢复和物种受损关键环节恢复等成套技术构成的生态健康维护技术体系。集成以上3个技术体系形成成套的流域水环境风险控制技术体系集。基于上述技术创新提出了“控制风险、维护生态、保水甘甜、发展持续”的水源流域管理创新总体策略。研发的技术体系与策略在东江流域的示范与应用,实现了东江主干流水质常年优于Ⅱ类的污染控制目标。     

电化学水处理技术研究进展

电化学方法可以通过电子的定向转移与精确调控,强化环境界面过程的速率和效率,其在水处理与资源化中体现出非凡的特点和优势,成为破解水危机和水污染的重要技术手段。近10年来,电化学水处理与资源化技术发展取得了长足的进步,正在向电极高效、工艺耦合、低碳绿色转变,未来将进一步聚焦功能电极材料设计、高效反应器与组合工艺开发、资源能源的定向转移与回收等重要方向。为深入研究电化学水处理与资源化技术机理,进一步探讨电化学方法在实际工程中的广泛应用,在重点关注电化学应用基础研究和前沿技术的基础上,分别对电絮凝、电氧化、电还原、电渗析/反向电渗析和电吸附技术的研究进展进行了回顾,并对电化学水处理与资源化技术发展进行了总结和展望。     

零价铁耦合芬顿氧化法处理TNT红水

采用零价铁耦合芬顿氧化法处理TNT红水,研究了初始pH、零价铁投加量、过氧化氢（H2O2）投加量及温度对红水中总有机碳（TOC）去除效果的影响,同时进行了TOC去除过程中反应动力学的探讨。结果表明,零价铁耦合芬顿氧化体系可有效降解TNT红水中的2,4-二硝基甲苯-3-磺酸钠和2,4-二硝基甲苯-5-磺酸钠。在初始pH为2,温度为20 ℃的条件下,加入1.5 g·L-1零价铁反应1 h后,再加入100 mL·L-1H2O2反应4 h,红水中二硝基甲苯磺酸盐浓度从500 mg·L-1降至0 mg·L-1,去除率为100%,TOC浓度从150 mg·L-1降至30 mg·L-1,去除率达到80%。反应中TOC的降解过程遵循拟二级反应动力学方程。零价铁耦合芬顿氧化法可以作为TNT红水的有效处理途径。     

电厂低负荷下V-W/TiO2基NH3-SCR催化剂的低温改性

在不改变工业催化剂制备工艺的基础上,通过改性提高工业V-W/TiO2催化剂的低温活性。实验采用浸渍法,通过添加磷酸以及氧化铈来改性工业V-W/TiO2催化剂,探讨了新型低温SCR催化剂的脱硝活性。并通过比表面积测试（BET）,X射线衍射实验（XRD）,吡啶红外实验,程序升温还原（H2-TPR）等技术对催化剂理化性能进行表征。研究结果表明,1%磷酸添加量使催化剂表面的B酸以及弱酸含量大量增加,使催化剂向低温端降低了30 ℃;同时,在添加1%磷酸的基础上,添加不同含量氧化铈,提高催化剂的氧化还原性,发现添加8%氧化铈,使催化剂氧化还原性能显著增强,转化温度向低温再次降低了40 ℃。通过添加磷酸和氧化铈,使V-W/TiO2催化剂80%转化温度从280 ℃降至220 ℃,同时具备了高抗硫抗水性。     

3种植物水浸提液对工业园区污水处理厂污泥中重金属的淋洗效果

为探讨植物材料淋洗去除工业园区污水污泥中重金属的可行性,选用马桑（Coriaria nepalensis）、枳椇子（Hovenia acerba）和乌药（Lindera aggregata）的水浸提液作为淋洗剂,采用振荡淋洗实验研究了不同淋洗剂浓度和pH、淋洗时间和温度对其去除供试污泥中重金属的影响,并确定淋洗的最佳参数。结果表明,当3种淋洗剂浓度从20 g·L-1上升到80 g·L-1或淋洗温度从15 ℃增至55 ℃时,重金属去除率均呈先升高后稳定的趋势。同时,淋洗效果还受淋洗剂pH和淋洗时间的影响。基于淋洗效果、技术应用和经济成本,枳椇子、乌药和马桑水浸提液淋洗的最佳参数分别为pH 7、80 g·L-1、25 ℃、180 min,pH 4、100 g·L-1、25 ℃、180 min和pH 4、80 g·L-1、25 ℃、180 min,此时各淋洗剂重金属去除率总体表现为Cd>Cu>Pb>Ni。其中枳椇子和乌药对Cd去除率较高,分别为73.12%和82.60%,但Ni去除率仅为23.34%和19.42%;与前2种植物材料相比,马桑对Pb（36.40%）和Ni（27.88%）的去除率高,但对Cd（30.11%）和Cu（30.38%）的去除率相对较低。淋洗后污泥中Cu和Pb含量均可达农用污泥A级标准（CJ/T 309-2009）,乌药淋洗后Cd及马桑淋洗后Ni含量可达到A级标准,其他淋洗剂情况下Cd和Ni含量可达到B级标准。此外,植物水浸提液淋洗污泥还能有效保留甚至增加其养分,降低可交换态、碳酸盐结合态和铁锰结合态重金属含量。研究表明,马桑、枳椇子和乌药在淋洗去除污泥中重金属和实现污泥土地应用上有一定潜力。     

Occurrence and distribution of pharmaceuticals in surface water, suspended solids and sediments of the Ebro river basin, Spain

The occurrence of 43 pharmaceuticals belonging to predominant therapeutic classes and their distribution in surface water, suspended solids and sediments has been investigated in the Ebro river basin in the Northeast of Spain. WWTP effluents were found to be a main source of contamination and the spatial distribution was affected by the river flow at the sampling point and corresponding dilution factor, resulting in higher concentrations and higher loads in small tributary rivers than in the Ebro river. The study showed that some compounds are preferentially found bound to suspended solids and not detected in river water. Generally, compounds with basic characteristics (pKa > 7) showed higher tendency to bind to suspended solids. The sediment samples generally presented lower concentrations than suspended solids.     

电絮凝法处理重金属底泥清淤尾水

采用电絮凝法处理湘江霞湾港重金属底泥清淤尾水,研究了电极转换方式、起始pH值和电流密度对尾水中各污染物去除效果的影响。实验结果表明,采用先由铁作为阳极反应20 min,然后转换铝作为阳极反应10 min的组合方式,当起始pH值为6,电流密度为100 A·m-2时,Cd、Zn、Cu、Pb、Hg、As、NH4+-N和TP的去除效率分别可以达到99.2%、98.6%、99.3%、98.4%、99.5%、99.7%、84.8%和95.9%。电絮凝法去除尾水中重金属的主要机制是分布于悬浮物中的重金属主要通过疏松态铝的絮凝以及氢气的气浮作用去除,而分布于过滤液中的重金属主要以其氢氧化物沉淀去除。