城市生活污水偏振反射特性研究

人类正面临着水污染的严峻挑战,其中生活污水是水污染的一大来源。研究城市生活污水的液面偏振反射特性,对于水资源的监测与利用、环境生态保护都具有重大理论意义和应用前景。本文选取不同浓度的三个生活污水样本,应用二向反射光度计测了不同样本在2π空间的多角度偏振反射光谱数据,建立探测方位角、光线入射角、探测天顶角、偏振角、波段等方面对所测水体的偏振反射数据的关系,并进行了初步分析与研究。这为偏振遥感在水资源环境上的应用奠定了实验基础,并对生活污水的偏振光遥感进行了初步研究。     

Cu~(2+)离子与蛋白质混合体系相互作用机制研究

应用荧光光谱法研究Cu2+离子与血清蛋白质混合组份体系的结合反应机制,测定了反应体系的结合常数K、结合位点数n,探讨了荧光猝灭机理。同时探索了Cu2+与蛋白质混合组份体系及单一组份体系相互作用的差异。结果表明:混合组份体系中,牛血清白蛋白(Bovine serum albumin,BSA)与牛乳铁蛋白(Bovine lactoferrin,BLF)分子间也存在着相互作用,从而影响混合组份体系中BSA/BLF与Cu2+的相互作用,Cu2+与蛋白质混合组份体系相互作用并非蛋白质单组份体系作用之和。分析实验数据,首次发现当BSA/BLF达到临界比值时,金属离子与混合蛋白质组份相互作用过程中出现了蛋白质分子的"契合"现象。文章利用生物酶反应机制中的酶活性部位柔性假说合理解释了Cu2+与血清蛋白质混合组份体系相互作用中的"量敏效应"。     

针对硝化菌抗盐机理的研究

为研究盐度对硝化菌的影响,以及硝化菌对盐度的抵抗机理,以模拟皮革废水为处理对象,考察了硝化菌硝化作用过程中的脱氮效率,脱氮数率,pH值,溶解氧,以及硝化菌胞外聚合物的含量与成分变化。结果表明在盐度逐步提高的情况下,出水氨氮从几乎检测不出升高到80 mg/L左右,硝化菌脱氮效率下降明显,并且有一定的规律性。pH值先降后升,溶解氧随着时间推移逐渐升高,但是随着盐度提高规律性越来越不明显。硝化菌所产生的胞外聚合物随着盐度提高,胞外聚合物总量有所提高,其主要成分含量发生变化,即多糖所占比例从35.2%升高到63.6%,蛋白质所占比例从58.8%减少到30.9%,从而影响活性污泥的絮凝性,从机理方面来解释盐度对硝化菌硝化作用的影响。     

渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲土壤盐渍化现状特征及其与光谱的关系

利用遥感、土壤光谱及土壤盐分数据相结合的方法进行土壤盐渍化监测,选择2组不同特征的变量,对渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲土壤盐渍化的现状特征进行了探讨,并计算了14个盐分因子与光谱波段(405 nm,410 nm,…,890 nm)的Pearson相关系数.结果发现,除少数光谱波段外,盐分因子与光谱波段之间的相关性并不显著. 在此基础上,利用后向多元线性回归分析,建立了部分盐分因子的预测模型,并对pH模型的精度进行了验证. 最后在野外考察,GPS定点和土壤采样分析的基础上,给出了土壤盐渍化程度及其分布范围.      

Lack of innate preference for morph and species identity in mate-searching <Emphasis Type="Italic">Enallagma</Emphasis> damselflies

Insect mate recognition is often viewed as stereotypic, innate, and species-specific. However, male damselflies can learn to identify female-specific color morphs as potential mates. A suite of male mimicry hypotheses assume that heteromorphic females, which differ from males in color pattern, are more easily recognized as “female” and thus lack the inherent, anti-harassment advantage that the more male-like signal provides for andromorphs. Using two measures of male preference, we investigated whether naïve males have a preexisting sensory bias for a given morph color in Enallagma civile, a species that appeared to exhibit extreme plasticity in morph expression across generations within a breeding season. E. civile males raised in the absence of females exhibited no preference for either morph, whereas males raised with one female type exhibited a learned sensory bias for that morph. Male Enallagma also lacked a bias toward conspecific females over a congeneric sister species. In a naturally naïve population of Enallagma ebrium, males reacted sexually to both morphs of Enallagma hageni as often as they did to conspecific females, whose thoracic spectra were nearly identical with those of E. hageni. Moreover, despite the similar thoracic spectra of males and andromorphs, both of which reflected UV, males rarely reacted sexually to other males. Our results falsified implicit assumptions of male mimicry hypotheses, supported learned mate recognition, and suggested a scenario for speciation via sexual conflict.     

泥沙腐殖质荧光特性及其与双酚A和类固醇吸附的关系

用批处理的方法测定了泥沙碱性可提取腐殖质对双酚A(BPA)和两种典型类固醇(17β-雌二醇(E2)和17α-乙炔基雌二醇(EE2))的吸附规律,分析了泥沙碱性可提取腐殖质的荧光光谱特征;探讨了腐殖质荧光光谱特征与BPA、E2和EE2吸附的关系.结果表明,泥沙碱性可提取腐殖质占泥沙总有机碳含量的9.3%～27.1%,BPA、E2和EE2三种物质的标化分配系数logKoc(hs)值变化范围分别为:3.14～4.09、3.47～4.33和3.65～4.32,其平均值大小顺序为EE2＞E2＞BPA,与3种物质辛醇水分配系数大小顺序一致.不同泥沙碱性可提取腐殖质的荧光光谱都有2个特征峰,其位置分别在Ex/Em=(310～330nm)/(390～400 nm)(α)和Ex/Em=(250～260nm)/(400～450nm)(α');2个特征峰峰强度比值(Iα'/Iα)变化范围为0.46～1.64;而且,泥沙中富里酸的荧光光谱与碱性可提取腐殖质的类似.腐殖质荧光光谱特征峰α由相对稳定、高分子量的芳香性类富里酸物质产生,随着芳香性类富里酸物质含量的增加Iα'/Iα值减小,因此,BPA、E2和EE2三种物质的logKoc(hs)与Iα'/Iα值间存在线性关系.     

酪氨酸氯化过程中光谱变化特征及消毒副产物的生成规律

考察酪氨酸在不同投氯量条件下氯化后的余氯,紫外吸光度值和荧光光谱,以及消毒副产物对羟基苯乙腈(4-HBC)的生成特性。结果表明,随着投氯量的增加,余氯呈现先增加再减小再增加的趋势。在投氯量为0～0.5 mmolCl2/L时,增加投氯量可提高氯化后溶液的UV254、UV274和UV280值以及4-HBC的生成量,表明低投氯量时氯化可提高溶液中不饱和键的含量;而投氯量为0.5～1 mmol Cl2/L时,增加投氯量降低UV254、UV274和UV280值以及4-HBC的生成量,表明过量的氯亦可破坏溶液中的不饱和键。荧光光谱测试实验亦发现:在投氯量为0.05 mmol Cl2/L时,酪氨酸溶液氯化后的荧光峰强度明显增加,表明氯化可生成荧光强度较高的产物。过量的氯(0.5～1 mmol Cl2/L)则可破坏溶液中的荧光结构,降低荧光峰强度直至未检出。     

Fluorescence excitation–emission matrix spectra coupled with parallel factor and regional integration analysis to characterize organic matter humification

The present several humification indexes cannot provide the whole fluorescence information on organic matter composition and the evaluation results from them are inconsistent sometimes. In this study, fluorescence excitation–emission matrix spectra coupled with parallel factor analysis and fluorescence regional integration analysis were utilized to investigate organic matter humification, and the projection pursuit cluster (PPC) model was applied to form a suitable index for overcoming the difficulties in multi-index evaluation. The result showed that the ratio between the volume of humic- and fulvic-like fluorescence region and the volume of protein-like fluorescence region not only revealed the heterogeneity of organic matter, but also provided more accurate information on organic matter humification. In addition, the results showed that the PPC model could be used to characterize integrally the humification, and the projected characteristic value calculated from the PPC model could be used as the integrated humification evaluation index.     

Rain‐washing of mimic®, RH‐5992, from balsam fir foliage following application of two formulations

Abstract

Two formulation concentrates of the insecticide, RH‐5992 [N'‐t‐butyl‐N'‐(3,5‐dimethylbenzoyl)‐N‐(4‐ethylbenzoyI) hydrazine], an aqueous flowable (2F) and an emulsion‐suspension (ES), were diluted with water to provide spray mixes containing dosage rates ranging from 35 to 150 g of the active ingredient (AI)/ha. The mixes were sprayed in a laboratory chamber, onto balsam fir branch tips collected from field trees and greenhouse‐grown seedlings. Droplet spectra and spray mass recovery were determined on artificial samplers. Simulated rainfall of two different intensities was applied at different rain‐free periods, and rain droplet sizes were determined. Foliar washoff of RH‐5992 was assessed after application of different amounts of rain, and the increase in soil residues was evaluated.

A direct relationship was indicated between the amount of rainfall and RH‐5992 washoff. The larger the rain droplet size, the greater the amount washed off. Longer rain‐free periods made the deposits more resistant to rain. Regardless of the amount of rainfall, rain droplet size and rain‐free period, foliar deposits of the 2F formulation were washed off to a greater extent than the ES formulation. The increase in soil residues due to foliar washoff was greater for the 2F than for the ES formulation. The deposits of the emulsion‐suspension were consistently more resistant to rain‐washing than those of the aqueous flowable formulation.     

生物强化组合工艺处理河水的三维荧光及生物多样性分析

通过对受污染地表水进行生物滤池-臭氧预氧化-生物活性炭滤池工艺处理,考察生物强化条件下该项工艺对河水中主要污染物的净化效果,并采用EEM光谱技术进行了溶解性有机物变化和去除规律分析,利用PCR-DGGE技术进行各单元中微生物多样性对比分析。结果表明,生物强化组合工艺系统出水水质主要指标已达到/接近地表水环境质量标准(GB 3838-2002)Ⅳ类限值,生物强化滤池填料中微生物多样性指数和物种数均高于其他工艺单元。受污染河水DOM中主要的荧光物质有类芳香族蛋白质(荧光峰A、B和E)及类腐殖酸(荧光峰C)及类富里酸(荧光峰D),其中,A峰、B峰与E峰的中心位置分别位于225/340 nm、275/336 nm和225/298 nm,各特征荧光峰强度发生明显改变表明,污水中溶解性有机物的含量随系统处理过程而变化。