赤潮对近岸水体生物光学特性的影响

研究了赤潮对近岸水体生物光学特性的影响.从大连湾采集11个站位的水体生物光学数据,分析了赤潮发生时生物要素、反射光谱以及吸收光谱的变化特征.结果表明,大连湾本次赤潮由微微型藻类引起;赤潮对水体遥感反射率的光谱形状影响明显,与正常水体相比,由于高浓度叶绿素a的强吸收作用,导致440、632 nm波段附近出现反射谷,红光波...     

三峡库区消落带土壤中溶解性有机质(DOM)吸收及荧光光谱特征

利用紫外-可见吸收光谱和三维荧光光谱技术,结合荧光区域积分法,分析了三峡库区消落带土壤DOM的地化特征.结果表明,各区县消落带土壤CDOM平均浓度大小顺序为:忠县丰都涪陵万州巫山云阳奉节开县,其中,忠县、丰都和涪陵土壤CDOM浓度[a(355)]、芳香性(SUVA254)和疏水组分(SUVA260)明显高于其它区县,而其腐殖化程度(HIX)均低于其它区县.三峡库区消落带土壤DOM中含有类腐殖质荧光团A、C、M和类色氨酸荧光团T,其中紫外区类腐殖质荧光团A的荧光区域积分比例最大.另外,类色氨酸荧光团T与a(355)呈极显著相关(r=0.674,P0.01),影响CDOM浓度变化的主要因素是类蛋白荧光峰T.3D-EEM总荧光强度(TOT)可作为表征三峡库区消落带土壤CDOM荧光团浓度的指标.消落带土壤DOM腐殖化程度较低,生物可利用性较高.另外,消落带干湿交替作用对不同高程土壤DOM地化特征影响的差异较小,这可能与当地农业活动、沿岸植物生长以及DOM矿化过程有关.     

微生物燃料电池降解焦化废水过程研究

焦化废水生化处理流程复杂，污染物降解过程尚不明确，构建无膜空气阴极焦化废水微生物燃料电池，利用循环伏安法、红外分析、微生物群落结构等分析考察了焦化废水的降解过程中，各类有机物含量变化、官能团的变化、有机物异步降解次序及优势菌种的演替.焦化废水中含硫无机物被优先降解，酚类降解次之，含氮污染物历经好氧硝化与厌氧反硝化降解过程，但落后于前者；长链烷烃类降解缓慢；生物群落结构与底物中有机物种类密切相关，初期Desulfurella优先氧化含硫污染物、Flavobacterium降解酚类次之、Nitrospirae氧化降解NH₄⁺-N较为缓慢，随时间延长Alcaligenes、Thiobacillus演变为优势菌落，实现了酚类的降解及NO₃^-的反硝化降解；电池输出电压为470.9mV，最高输出功率密度达12.5mW/cm²，COD、T_phenols、T_surful、TN、NH₄⁺-N的降解分别为85.8%、83.3%、87.5%、43.8%、89.9%.利用微生物燃料电池技术处理焦化废水，一步实现水质净化及能量回收，为废水生物处理控制提供理论和实践参考.     

Moist Olive Husks Addition to a Silty Clay Soil: Influence on Microbial and Biochemical Parameters

To investigate the effects of moist olive husks (MOH-residues) on soil respiration, microbial biomass, and enzymatic (o-diphenoloxidase, β-glucosidase, dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase) activities, a silty clay soil was incubated with 0 (control), 8 × 10³ (D), 16 × 10³ (2D) and 80 × 10³ (10D) kg ha^?1 of MOH-residues on a dry weight basis. Soil respiration and microbial biomass data indicated that the addition of MOH-residues strongly increased microbial activity proportionally to the amounts added. Data of qCO₂ suggested that the respiration to biomass ratio of the microbial population was strongly modified by MOH-residues additions during the first 90 days of incubation. The qCO₂ data suggested a low efficiency in energy yields from C oxidation during the first 2 months of soil incubation. qFDA seemed to be relatively unaffected for treatments D and 2D as compared to the control, but was significantly lowered by the application of 10D, showing the lowest hydrolytic activity of microbial biomass in this treatment up to 360 days of incubation.

o-Diphenoloxidase activity was delayed, and this delay was extended with the addition of larger quantities of MOH-residues. Alkaline phosphatase, β-glucosidase and dehydrogenase activities were in line with the findings on microbial biomass changes and activities. The biological and biochemical data suggest that the addition of a large quantity of MOH-residues (80 × 10³ kg ha^?1) strongly modifies the soil characteristics affecting the r- and K-strategist populations, and that these changes last for at least the 360 days of incubation. The data also suggest that application rates exceeding 16 × 10³ kg ha^?1 are not recommended until the agro-chemical and -physical functions of the soil are further studied.     

Effect of sunlight radiation,rainfall and droplet spectra of sprays on persistence of bacillus thuringiensis deposits after application of dipel® 76af formulation onto conifers

Abstract

The effect of sunlight radiation, rainfall and droplet spectra of sprays on per ‐sistence of a Bacillus thuringiensis subspp. kurstaki (Btk) formulation, DiPel^® 76AF, was examined after application onto spruce [Picea glauca (Moench) Voss] foliage. The investigation consisted of three studies: (i) Study I: a laboratory microcosm study to examine the photostability of DiPel 76AF deposits on foliage after different periods of exposure to two radiation intensities, (ii) Study II: a laboratory microcosm study to examine the rainfastness of foliar deposits after exposure to different amounts of rainfall consisting of two separate droplet spectra, and (iii) Study III: a field microcosm study to investigate the influence of two different droplet spectra of DiPel 76AF sprays on foliar persistence of Btk under natural weathering conditions. In all studies, persistence of Btk was investigated both by bioassay [using spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens)] and total protein assay.

The findings of Study I indicated that bioactivity of foliar deposits decreased with increasing duration of exposure to radiation, and with increasing radiation intensity. The half‐life (DT₅₀, the exposure period required for 50% of the initial bioactivity to disappear) was 5.1 d for the low intensity, and 3.9 d for the higher intensity. In contrast with the bioassay results, the total protein levels [determined by the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) method] showed no decrease with increasing duration of exposure, or with increasing radiation intensity.

The findings of Study II indicated that bioactivity of foliar deposits decreased with increasing cumulative rainfall. A new term, RF₅₀ [the amount of rain (in mm) required to washoff 50% of the initial deposit], was introduced to understand the relationship between rainfall intensity and reduction in bioactivity. When the same amount of rain was applied in different droplet sizes, the RF₅₀ value was high (5.2 mm) for the small rain droplets, and was low (2.9 mm) for the large rain droplets. Similar to the bioassay results, the total protein concentrations (determined by the BCA method) decreased with increasing amount of rain and with increasing rainfall intensity. The RF₅₀ value (obtained using ng protein /cm²) was 5.4 mm for the small rain droplets, and was 3.4 mm for the large rain droplets.

The field microcosm study indicated that when DiPel 76AF was applied in small droplets (D_v.5 of 65 μm), the persistence of bioactivity was ca 8.0 d, whereas when it was applied in large droplets (D_v.5 of 130 nm) it was ca 11 d. Bioactivity decreased with time after spray, and the DT₅₀ was 1.98 d for the spray of small droplets, and 2.87 d for that of large droplets. Similar to the bioactivity, the total protein concentrations also decreased with time after spray, and the DT₅₀ values for the small and large droplet spectra were 3.45 and 6.07 d respectively.     

基于生物光学模型的晋江悬浮物遥感估算

为了建立以生物光学模型为基础的河流悬浮物遥感估算方法,以福建晋江为例,对福建晋江下游河段的光学特性和悬浮物浓度进行了测定,探讨了水面下反射率R(O-)与悬浮物浓度之间的响应关系.结果表明,绿光波长的反射率与悬浮物浓度的相关性最强,因此,用R(O-)TM2与悬浮物浓度建立了遥感估算模型,并将其应用于2008年2月28日的Landsat TM影像,反演出晋江的悬浮物浓度分布.精度分析说明,平均相对误差RE为11.93%,该模型可以有效地应用于Landsat TM反演悬浮物浓度.     

月球紫外-可见-近红外反射光谱的基本特征及解析方法

月球紫外-可见-近红外反射光谱(强度,反照率以及吸收特征)是研究月球表面物质组成的重要手段。文章简要介绍了月球表面反射光谱的基本特征、形成机制以及现有月球反射光谱数据及其解析方法。这些方法主要有光谱参数、连续背景扣除、高斯反卷积分析以及主成分分析。还讨论了高光谱探测器在月球探测中的应用前景、已有方案以及获取新的月球样品对月球反射光谱研究的重要性。     

硒对紫球藻生长及光谱特性的影响

低浓度的硒可以促进微藻的生长,为了探讨硒对紫球藻生长和光谱特性的影响,研究了在通入压缩空气的条件下,不同质量浓度的硒(0、0.05、0.5、1、2、5、10和50mg·L-1)添加到紫球藻(Porphyridium UTEX637)培养基中,培养20d的生长情况,以及紫球藻吸收光谱和低温荧光光谱的特征应。结果表明:不同质量浓度Se(Ⅳ)对紫球藻的特征吸收峰位和荧光峰位没有影响,低质量浓度Se(Ⅳ)对紫球藻的生长具有明显地促进作用,高质量浓度时抑制紫球藻的生长。含0.05和0.5mg·L-1Se(Ⅳ)的实验组紫球藻的吸收光谱特征峰值明显高于对照组,而1和5mg·L-1Se(Ⅳ)质量浓度实验组的特征峰值则低于对照组。0.05和0.5mg·L-1Se(Ⅳ)质量浓度实验组的荧光发射(激发波长为436nm,560nm)光谱的特征峰值与对照相比没有明显变化,但激发波长为490nm时,荧光发射光谱特征峰值高与对照组。与对照组相比,1,2和5mg·L-1Se(Ⅳ)实验组紫球藻的荧光光谱特征峰值均有不同程度的降低。10和50mg·L-1实验组紫球藻死亡。说明低质量浓度Se(Ⅳ)对紫球藻捕光色素蛋白复合体的捕光能力具有促进作用,高质量浓度有抑制作用。     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定腐殖酸中的硼

用NHO3和HCl的混合酸分解腐殖酸样品，选用波长208.96nm于ICP测定。分析结果与比色法、容量法吻合。相对标准偏差为1.05%，回收率为97.87%－104.45%。     

基于显微拉曼面扫的小尺寸微塑料检测方法

由于检测方法的限制,小尺寸（<50 μm）微塑料的检测研究较少.提出一种无须挑选、能够较为准确高效识别小尺寸微塑料的方法.筛选出2种合适的过滤膜作为分离和分析微塑料所用基底,使用显微拉曼光谱的面扫模式对5种常见的微塑料进行定性和定量检测.结果表明,该方法能够将最小粒径为1μm的小尺寸微塑料从滤膜背景上识别出来,并作伪彩色图直观显示微塑料的尺寸、形状和种类.以石英砂颗粒模拟环境样品中的杂质,该方法也可排除杂质的影响,准确定位微塑料.在3种浓度梯度下,不同粒径（5~50μm）的聚苯乙烯微塑料回收率为33.3%~79.0%.