AN ALGORITHM FOR ESTIMATING SURFACE SUSPENDED SEDIMENT CONCENTRATIONS WITH LANDSAT MSS DIGITAL DATA1

ABSTRACT: Algorithms for Landsat MSS digital data are needed to reduce the necessity of calibrating each Landsat scene if these data are to be useful in monitoring programs for surface suspended sediments. In this study digital data were extracted from 16 Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) scenes collected between March 1987 and August 1988 over Enid Reservoir in North Central Mississippi. These data were converted to radiance and reflectance data for comparison with field measurements of surface suspended sediment concentrations. Concentrations ranged from 2 to 168 mg/1 during the study with only four greater than 100 mg/l. Linear and polynomial regression analyses were used to relate the surface suspended sediment concentrations with radiance and reflectance. Reflectance in MSS band 2 (0.6 to 0.7 μm) and MSS band 3 (0.7 to 0.8 μm) were best related to the surface suspended sediment concentrations with coefficients of determination accounting for 71 percent and 68 percent of the variation in the data, respectively. Regressions with radiance data accounted for 36 percent (band 2) or less of the variation. Logarithmic transformations of either reflectance or sediment concentrations increase the coefficients of determination for MSS band 2 reflectance data to 81 percent. Regressions between the ratio of MSS band 1 to MSS band 2 reflectances and concentrations also accounted for 80 percent of the variation. An equation Log_e SS (mg/l) = 9.21R½+ 2.71R½2 + 8.45, where S is surface suspended sediment concentrations and R¹/₂ is the ratio of MSS band 1 to MSS band 2 reflectances, provided the best fit to the data with a coefficient of determination of 0.82. This equation is essentially the same as an algorithm proposed by Topliss et at. (1990), for estimating surface suspended sediment concentrations in Canadian coastal waters. These equations for Enid Reservoir and Canadian waters suggest that it may be possible to develop an algorithm for widespread use for estimating surface suspended sediments.     

压力对镜质组反射率与烃类生成的影响

镜质组反射率是广泛使用的成熟度参数 ,长期以来人们普遍认为温度和时间是控制镜质组反射率的主要因素 ,而压力对反射率的影响人们知之甚少。本文综述了模拟实验和地质实例中压力对镜质组反射率和烃类生成影响的不同观点。介绍了过压造成镜质组反射率延尺的两个动力学模型     

Turbulence Perturbations in the Neutrally Stratified Surface Layer due to the Interaction of a Katabatic Flow with a Steep Ridge

Turbulence measurements were performed in Antarctica, on the Nansen Ice Sheet, dominated by westerly katabatic winds. The measurements were taken at two sites aligned with the katabatic wind fall-line. The measuring stations were located in the middle of a wide, flat iced area at a distance of 14 km from the base of a sloping surface and at the top of a steep ridge (Inexpressible Island). The aim was to investigate the perturbation of turbulence close to the ground generated by the interaction of the flow with the ridge. We present an analysis comparing the data measured at the upstream unperturbed station with those at the top of the obstacle. Moments and spectra of velocity components have been calculated for almost steady periods. The topography and roughness change produce a combined effect on the flow acceleration (of the opposite sign) and on the turbulent stresses (of the same sign). Spectra of velocity components measured at the top of the ridge and scaled by unperturbed quantities evidence an increment of energy in the high frequency subrange with respect to the up-stream flow. Moreover, the horizontal velocity components display a shift in turbulence maximum towards higher frequencies. The vertical velocity spectrum exhibits an energy increment at low frequencies with respect to the upstream spectrum.     

Effects of soiling and cleaning on the reflectance and solar heat gain of a light-colored roofing membrane

A roof with high solar reflectance and high thermal emittance (e.g., a white roof) stays cool in the sun, reducing cooling power demand in a conditioned building and increasing summertime comfort in an unconditioned building. The high initial solar reflectance of a white membrane roof (circa 0.8) can be lowered by deposition of soot, dust, and/or biomass (e.g., fungi or algae) to about 0.6; degraded solar reflectances range from 0.3 to 0.8, depending on exposure. We investigate the effects of soiling and cleaning on the solar spectral reflectances and solar absorptances of 15 initially white or light-gray polyvinyl chloride membrane samples taken from roofs across the United States. Black carbon and organic carbon were the two identifiable strongly absorbing contaminants on the membranes. Wiping was effective at removing black carbon, and less so at removing organic carbon. Rinsing and/or washing removed nearly all of the remaining soil layer, with the exception of (a) thin layers of organic carbon and (b) isolated dark spots of biomass. Bleach was required to clear these last two features. At the most soiled location on each membrane, the ratio of solar reflectance to unsoiled solar reflectance (a measure of cleanliness) ranged from 0.41 to 0.89 for the soiled samples; 0.53 to 0.95 for the wiped samples; 0.74 to 0.98 for the rinsed samples; 0.79 to 1.00 for the washed samples; and 0.94 to 1.02 for the bleached samples. However, the influences of membrane soiling and cleaning on roof heat gain are better gauged by fractional variations in solar absorptance. Solar absorptance ratios (indicating solar heat gain relative to that of an unsoiled membrane) ranged from 1.4 to 3.5 for the soiled samples; 1.1 to 3.1 for the wiped samples; 1.0 to 2.0 for the rinsed samples; 1.0 to 1.9 for the washed samples; and 0.9 to 1.3 for the bleached samples.     

Lag Effects in the Impacts of Mass Coral Bleaching on Coral Reef Fish, Fisheries, and Ecosystems

Abstract:  Recent episodes of coral bleaching have led to wide-scale loss of reef corals and raised concerns over the effectiveness of existing conservation and management efforts. The 1998 bleaching event was most severe in the western Indian Ocean, where coral declined by up to 90% in some locations. Using fisheries-independent data, we assessed the long-term impacts of this event on fishery target species in the Seychelles, the overall size structure of the fish assemblage, and the effectiveness of two marine protected areas (MPAs) in protecting fish communities. The biomass of fished species above the size retained in fish traps changed little between 1994 and 2005, indicating no current effect on fishery yields. Biomass remained higher in MPAs, indicating they were effective in protecting fish stocks. Nevertheless, the size structure of the fish communities, as described with size-spectra analysis, changed in both fished areas and MPAs, with a decline in smaller fish (<30 cm) and an increase in larger fish (>45 cm). We believe this represents a time-lag response to a reduction in reef structural complexity brought about because fishes are being lost through natural mortality and fishing, and are not being replaced by juveniles. This effect is expected to be greater in terms of fisheries productivity and, because congruent patterns are observed for herbivores, suggests that MPAs do not offer coral reefs long-term resilience to bleaching events. Corallivores and planktivores declined strikingly in abundance, particularly in MPAs, and this decline was associated with a similar pattern of decline in their preferred corals. We suggest that climate-mediated disturbances, such as coral bleaching, be at the fore of conservation planning for coral reefs.     

SeaWiFS资料水色辐射模式验证的研究

从１９９４ 年～１９９７ 年，作者对杭州湾与长江口海区、台湾至吕宋以东海区和渤海海区，进行了多次光谱测量和同步取样试验，将试验所得资料经计算机处理，确定了三种验证区域各种水色要素与遥感光谱值之间的关系，提出适用于我国验证区域各种水色的验证模式。其各水色模式验证偏差均小于２０％ ，并适用于我国海域ＳｅａＷｉＦＳ水色遥感应用。     

重构土壤垂直剖面重金属Cd赋存形态及影响因素

针对矿业废弃地高背景值-历史矿业源相叠加区下土壤重金属Cd污染问题,以西南地区某历史硫磺矿业废弃地重构土壤为研究对象,采集剖面土壤共30个样品,分析测试土壤样品中镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、镍(Ni)、砷(As)和汞(Hg),利用电镜扫描-能谱分析(SEM-EDS)和重金属形态连续提取的BCR方法,分析不同土层厚度下Cd的赋存形式,运用风险评价编码法(RAC)和次生相与原生相分布比值法(RSP)对其进行有效性评价,以及对不同理化性质下Cd各形态的变化规律进行了初步探讨.结果表明,研究区5种重金属中Cd全量的富集系数最高,达4以上;通过形貌特征可以发现,样品中存在较多的次棱角状、棱角状颗粒,不同深度下的能谱特征显示结果相似,均含有Cd、Fe、S和As等元素,Cd元素是以类质同象形式存在;对Cd进行潜在风险评价,RAC结果显示为中等风险及以下,RSP结果主要为重度污染;重金属全量是影响Cd各形态含量分布的最主要因素,其次pH、有机质和CEC,对垂直深度的土壤Cd赋存形态也表现出不同程度的影响.该研究结果可为进一步了解Cd在剖面土壤的活性、迁移规律、生物毒性和赋存形式提供科学依据.     

垃圾填埋场地下水溶解性有机物光谱特征

垃圾填埋为我国垃圾处理的最主要途径,填埋过程中渗滤液的泄漏将导致附近地下水污染.地下水中溶解性有机物(DOM)能示踪外来污染物的来源、形态和迁移转化过程,其组成、结构和分布的差异具有重要的环境指示意义.联合现代光谱技术及多元统计分析方法,研究了不同运行年限填埋场地下水中DOM来源、组成和分子结构特征,探究了不同年限地下水DOM动力学演化规律.结果表明,填埋场地下水DOM以微生物来源为主,其次为自生陆源.填埋前期阶段其微生物来源DOM较多,而在填埋后期微生物来源DOM减弱.填埋年限较短的填埋场地下水DOM主要为一些新生成腐殖化程度较低的易降解类色氨酸和类酪氨酸,其促进微生物活性,且各点位差异性较大,应提高预警措施.填埋时间相对较长的填埋场地下水有机质腐殖化率高,难降解的大分子物质累积,微生物活性减弱,填埋垃圾趋向稳定对地下水影响减弱.     

基于水面反射率光谱分类的太湖藻蓝蛋白浓度反演

藻蓝蛋白是蓝藻的标志性色素,利用遥感反演藻蓝蛋白浓度的时空分布对于蓝藻水华监测和预警具有重要意义.太湖水体光学特性时空差异较大,传统的藻蓝蛋白遥感反演方法在太湖各湖区各季节的适用性有限.因此,本文采用先分类再反演的策略,基于水面反射率光谱分类进行太湖藻蓝蛋白浓度反演建模.首先采用逐步迭代的K均值聚类方法实现光谱分类;然后分别利用每一类的训练样本光谱数据建立最适用于该类的藻蓝蛋白反演模型;最后利用每一类的检验样本光谱数据进行反演模型精度评价.为了对比,同时采用不分类的传统方法进行反演建模和精度评价.检验结果表明:基于不分类的传统建模方法得到的均方根误差RMSE=14.14μg·L-1,平均相对误差σ=59.1%,反演结果和实测数据可决系数为0.46;基于光谱分类的建模方法得到RMSE=8.47μg·L-1,σ=31.3%,反演结果和实测数据可决系数为0.87.因此,基于光谱分类的藻类蛋白反演方法有效地提高了反演精度,可以为其它水体的藻蓝蛋白浓度反演提供借鉴.     

太湖水体溶解性有机质荧光特征及其来源解析

利用三维荧光光谱(3DEEM)-平行因子分析(PARAFAC)技术,通过野外现场调查和室内模拟实验,分析富营养化湖泊(太湖)水体溶解性有机质(DOM)组成结构、分布规律及其来源,进一步研究藻类和水生植物残骸腐烂分解以及沉积物释放对水体DOM荧光组成特征的影响.结果表明:1太湖水体各个湖区DOM主要以类色氨酸物质(T1、T2峰)为主,竺山湾还存在类腐殖质和类富里酸物质,其荧光指数(f450/500)为1.53±0.06,接近陆源f450/500值(1.4),DOC浓度全湖最高((7.13±2.45)mg·L-1),兼具陆源与生物来源的双重特性.2太湖藻类DOM组成丰富,出现了7种荧光组分,主要为类腐殖质、类富里酸和类蛋白物质(包括类色氨酸和类酪氨酸),藻类腐烂分解后,紫外区类色氨酸T2峰和类酪氨酸B2峰消失,其他类蛋白物质和部分易降解的类富里酸物质向水体中释放,其中A峰和C峰所代表的类富里酸物质降解率较高,分别降解了70.3%和41.0%.3水生植物DOM以类腐殖酸物质为主,其残骸腐烂分解后DOM由陆源类腐殖质向类腐殖酸物质转化.4沉积物DOM出现了5类荧光峰,兼具外源污染的类富里酸荧光C峰和A峰,同时含有生物来源的B1、B2、T2类蛋白荧光峰,随其降解时间的增长,T2荧光峰消失,B1、B2荧光物质降解率分别高达86.5%和82.5%,而C峰和A峰分别上升25.1%和1.5%,沉积物降解过程中大量类蛋白物质向上覆水体中释放,同时部分类蛋白物质向着更稳定的类富里酸物质转化.因此,外源输入和内源负荷(藻类和水生植物残骸腐烂分解以及沉积物释放等)对湖泊水体DOM组成结构以及富营养化过程具有重要影响.