Analysis of surface and aerosol polarized reflectance for aerosol retrievals from polarized remote sensing in PRD urban region

A precise estimate of polarization induced by surface is crucial for polarized remote sensing dedicated to monitoring aerosol properties over urban area. The accurate knowledge of interaction between surface and aerosol polarized reflectance is essential for accurately achieving aerosol properties. In order to study surface and aerosol polarized reflectance for aerosol retrievals over urban area, a new airborne directional polarimetric camera (DPC) with high spatial resolution (4 m at 4000 m a.g.l) was developed. The surface polarized reflectance over distinct surface covers of urban area (forest, shrub, and soil) were studied using DPC measurements during a field campaign in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), China. The large variations were found in surface polarized reflectance of distinct urban covers due to surface type variability. For all surface types, the empirical BPDF model cannot describe accurately surface polarized reflectance at all possible illumination and observation geometries. From the quantitatively study of relationship between surface and aerosol polarized contribution to DPC measurements, we show that the polarized contributions of aerosol, which optical properties were defined by ground-based measurements, are much larger than the polarized contribution of surface, and found that the polarized contribution of surface covers increases with decreasing NDVI. The effect of polarization accuracy of measurements on aerosol retrieval was also investigated using DPC measurements, and found that 0.1% polarization accuracy of measurements can be neglected when AOD is retrieved using polarized measurements. Based on the information of effects of polarized reflectance differences between distinct surface covers and polarization accuracy of polarized measurements on retrieved aerosols over urban area, we found that the accuracy of aerosol retrieval over forest covers is higher than other surface types using polarized remote sensing.     

基于三维荧光光谱特征峰的水体有机污染物综合指标检测

对来源不同一的32个水样进行三维荧光光谱的测定,并用5种典型有机物的荧光特征峰A(腐殖酸类)、C(腐殖酸类)、B(络氨酸类)、T1(色氨酸类)、T2(色氨酸类)进行了单一和组合式建模,发现对于来源不同一的水体的总有机含碳量(TOC)、化学耗氧量(COD)的检测采用这种提取特征峰建模的效果并不理想.该研究说明,依据典型特...     

Mobility of dimethoate residues from spring broccoli field

Dimethoate [O, O-dimethyl-S-(N-methylcarbamoyl-methyl) phosphorodithioate] is a broad-spectrum systemic insecticide currently used worldwide and on many vegetables in Kentucky. Dimethoate is a hydrophilic compound (log K_OW = 0.7) and has the potential of offsite movement from the application site into runoff and infiltration water. The dissipation patterns of dimethoate residues were studied on spring broccoli leaves and heads under field conditions. Following foliar application of Dimethoate 4E on broccoli foliage at the rate of 0.47 L acre^?1, dimethoate residues were monitored in soil, runoff water collected down the land slope, and in infiltration water collected from the vadose zone. The study was conducted on a Lowell silty loam soil (pH 6.9) planted with broccoli under three soil management practices: (i) soil mixed with municipal sewage sludge, (ii) soil mixed with yard waste compost, and (iii) no-mulch rototilled bare soil. The main objective of this investigation was to study the effect of mixing native soil with municipal sewage sludge or yard waste compost, having considerable amounts of organic matter, on off-site movement of dimethoate residues into runoff and infiltration water following spring rainfall. The initial deposits of dimethoate were 6.2 and 21.4 μ g g^?1 on broccoli heads and leaves, respectively. These residues dissipated rapidly and fell below the maximum residue limit of 2 μ g g^?1 on the heads and leaves after 10 and 14 d, respectively, with half-lives of 5.7 d on broccoli heads and 3.9 d on the leaves. Dimethoate residues detected in top 15 cm of soil (due to droplet drift and wash off residues from broccoli foliage) one day (d) following spraying, were 30.5 ng g^?1 dry soil in the sewage sludge treatment, and 46.1 and 134.5 ng g^?1 dry soil in the yard waste and no mulch treatments, respectively. Water infiltration was greater from yard waste compost treatment than from no mulch treatment, however concentrations of dimethoate in the vadose zone of the three soil treatments did not differ.     

太湖水体溶解性有机质荧光特征及其来源解析

利用三维荧光光谱(3DEEM)-平行因子分析(PARAFAC)技术,通过野外现场调查和室内模拟实验,分析富营养化湖泊(太湖)水体溶解性有机质(DOM)组成结构、分布规律及其来源,进一步研究藻类和水生植物残骸腐烂分解以及沉积物释放对水体DOM荧光组成特征的影响.结果表明:1太湖水体各个湖区DOM主要以类色氨酸物质(T1、T2峰)为主,竺山湾还存在类腐殖质和类富里酸物质,其荧光指数(f450/500)为1.53±0.06,接近陆源f450/500值(1.4),DOC浓度全湖最高((7.13±2.45)mg·L-1),兼具陆源与生物来源的双重特性.2太湖藻类DOM组成丰富,出现了7种荧光组分,主要为类腐殖质、类富里酸和类蛋白物质(包括类色氨酸和类酪氨酸),藻类腐烂分解后,紫外区类色氨酸T2峰和类酪氨酸B2峰消失,其他类蛋白物质和部分易降解的类富里酸物质向水体中释放,其中A峰和C峰所代表的类富里酸物质降解率较高,分别降解了70.3%和41.0%.3水生植物DOM以类腐殖酸物质为主,其残骸腐烂分解后DOM由陆源类腐殖质向类腐殖酸物质转化.4沉积物DOM出现了5类荧光峰,兼具外源污染的类富里酸荧光C峰和A峰,同时含有生物来源的B1、B2、T2类蛋白荧光峰,随其降解时间的增长,T2荧光峰消失,B1、B2荧光物质降解率分别高达86.5%和82.5%,而C峰和A峰分别上升25.1%和1.5%,沉积物降解过程中大量类蛋白物质向上覆水体中释放,同时部分类蛋白物质向着更稳定的类富里酸物质转化.因此,外源输入和内源负荷(藻类和水生植物残骸腐烂分解以及沉积物释放等)对湖泊水体DOM组成结构以及富营养化过程具有重要影响.     

城镇流域水体-沉积物中溶解性有机质的荧光特性及影响因素:以宁波市小浃江为例

我国快速城镇化过程对流域水体和沉积物的溶解性有机质(dissolved organic matter,DOM)含量和成分产生了重要影响,探究水体-沉积物中DOM的分布特性及影响因素具有重要意义.本研究选取长三角典型城镇地区宁波市北仑区小浃江流域为研究对象,利用三维荧光光谱技术,结合PARAFAC(平行因子分析)模型及相关性分析,对小浃江流域水体及沉积物DOM光谱特性进行研究,分析DOM荧光组分特征及来源.结果表明:①小浃江水体-沉积物DOM主要包括4种组分:C1、C2、C3和C4,其中C1为陆源类腐殖质,分子量较大; C2为陆源类腐殖质,由生物降解产生,分子量较小; C3为类蛋白物质,包括类色氨酸,对微环境的变化敏感; C4为陆源类腐殖质.②小浃江水体DOM受新生内源和陆源输入共同影响,腐殖化程度较弱,腐殖质含量较低.沉积物以陆源或土壤源输入为主,内源贡献较小,DOM具有一定的腐殖化特征,腐殖质的浓度水平高于水体中腐殖质含量.③冗余分析(redundancy analysis,RDA)表明,水体DOM各组分相关性较高的环境因子主要为农田、城镇;而沉积物DOM各组分相关性较高的环境因子为城镇、农田、湿地.其中,城镇对沉积物中类腐殖质C4和类腐殖质的浓度参数Fn(355)影响最大.     

利用紫外-可见吸收光谱估算三峡库区消落带水体、土壤和沉积物溶解性有机质(DOM)浓度

溶解性有机质(DOM)是陆地和水生生态系统的重要物质,有色溶解性有机质(CDOM)是可用光谱测定的DOM组分.基于2012年7月采集的土壤和沉积物样品以及2012年11月采集的水体样品,通过单波长、双波长、吸收光谱斜率(S值)和三波长模型建立CDOM与DOM浓度之间的关系.结果表明,4种模型中三波长模型效果最佳,水体数据模型的决定系数为0.788,土壤数据模型的决定系数为0.933,沉积物模型的决定系数为0.856.同时,利用2013年随机采集的32个土壤样品和36个水体样品对模型精度进行检验,结果表明,土壤DOM浓度的相对均方根误差(RRMSE)和平均相对误差(MRE)分别为16.5%和16.9%,水体分别为10.32%和9.06%,相比土壤DOM而言,三波长模型对水体DOM的预测精度更高.     

基于水面反射率光谱分类的太湖藻蓝蛋白浓度反演

藻蓝蛋白是蓝藻的标志性色素,利用遥感反演藻蓝蛋白浓度的时空分布对于蓝藻水华监测和预警具有重要意义.太湖水体光学特性时空差异较大,传统的藻蓝蛋白遥感反演方法在太湖各湖区各季节的适用性有限.因此,本文采用先分类再反演的策略,基于水面反射率光谱分类进行太湖藻蓝蛋白浓度反演建模.首先采用逐步迭代的K均值聚类方法实现光谱分类;然后分别利用每一类的训练样本光谱数据建立最适用于该类的藻蓝蛋白反演模型;最后利用每一类的检验样本光谱数据进行反演模型精度评价.为了对比,同时采用不分类的传统方法进行反演建模和精度评价.检验结果表明:基于不分类的传统建模方法得到的均方根误差RMSE=14.14μg·L-1,平均相对误差σ=59.1%,反演结果和实测数据可决系数为0.46;基于光谱分类的建模方法得到RMSE=8.47μg·L-1,σ=31.3%,反演结果和实测数据可决系数为0.87.因此,基于光谱分类的藻类蛋白反演方法有效地提高了反演精度,可以为其它水体的藻蓝蛋白浓度反演提供借鉴.     

渤海湾两条河流及其近岸海域水体中DOM的光谱特征及影响因素

应用三维荧光光谱结合吸收光谱分析,研究了2019年夏季天津市大清河-独流减河水系和河北省黄骅市捷地减河及其河口区水体中溶解有机物（DOM）的空间分布特征、来源及其影响因素。紫外-可见光谱结果表明,研究区水体的SUVA₂₅₄与盐度有显著正相关关系;两条河流的下游水体中S_275-295均值均大于上游和中游。平行因子分析结果表明,两条河流均检测到两种类腐殖质组分C1（240,300/390 nm）和C3（260,335/477 nm）以及一种类蛋白质组分C2（225,275/339 nm）。在大清河-独流减河水系及其近岸海域水体中,这三种组分与盐度呈显著负相关关系,其中由于人为输入（TN和TP含量高,工业排污）影响导致C2与盐度的相关性弱于C1和C3。该水系水体在低盐度时C2的占比高于捷地减河,主要受到工农业废水输入与其支流子牙河汇入的共同影响,而捷地减河主要受农业废污水输入的影响。此外,自然因素（盐度、海水混合）和人为因素（人为输入、筑坝拦截）的不同导致渤海湾两条入海河流中有色溶解有机质（CDOM）的光学特性和混合行为出现显著差异。其中筑坝拦截导致独流减河坝前水体的CDOM平均分子量低于下游水体,并且增强了河口区陆源类腐殖质的去除作用。综上,三维荧光光谱结合平行因子分析能判别河流局部条件的差异对整体CDOM空间分布特征的影响,研究结果可为渤海湾地区河流及河口水体CDOM生物地球化学过程研究提供基础数据。     

三峡库区典型消落带土壤及沉积物中溶解性有机质(DOM)的紫外-可见光谱特征

溶解性有机质(DOM)是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,在环境地球化学中扮演着重要角色.在测定三峡库区典型消落带土壤及沉积物DOM的紫外-可见光谱基础上,通过特征参数及光谱模型来获取DOM的地化特征和信息.紫外-可见光谱特征参数表明土壤DOM的芳香性、疏水组分及腐殖化程度都明显低于上层沉积物,与高程和土地利用类型无关;而所选择的4种吸收光谱模型中以模型2为最优.同时,不同模型和不同拟合波段均对DOM光谱曲线斜率(S)有影响:S值随波长增加而减小;而不同波段S值相关性存在差异,表明各波段S值仅反映DOM部分信息,而非全部.此外,特征斜率之比(SR)反映出表层沉积物所受降解程度(光漂白或生物降解)小于土壤和往年沉积物,其芳香性更高,分子量更大,参与降解的反应活性也更大;这表明DOM越新鲜,其受到的光照和生物作用相对较小,降解潜力越大.     

湿地植被叶面积指数对光化学指数和光能利用率关系的影响————基于实测数据和PROSPECT-SAIL模型

光化学指数PRI(Photochemical Reflectance Index)是估算光能利用率LUE(Light Use Efficiency)的一种快速监测的有效指标,分析各种因素对二者的影响是提高估算精度的前提.论文针对三种杭州湾典型湿地植物 [旱柳(Salix matsudana),柽柳(Tamarix chinensis)和芦苇(Phragm itescommunis)],实地观测了其光合作用及日变化,叶面积指数以及同步植被光谱.同时采用PROSPECT-SAIL模型模拟叶面积指数LAI(Leaf Area Index)从小到大变化时植被冠层反射率,分析LAI的变化对冠层PRI的影响.结果表明:1)三种植被在日变化上,芦苇,旱柳和柽柳的PRI和LUE的相关性较好,R²分别为0.581 6,0.524 6和0.514 6;而对同一种植被在不考虑时间变化的条件下,PRI和LUE的相关性会有所减弱,对于LAI较小的冠层,PRI不能精确反映LUE;2)当LAI < 5时,冠层下土壤背景对冠层PRI影响较大,在不同土壤背景下,土壤亮度低的对冠层PRI影响较小;3)当LAI > 5时,土壤背景对冠层PRI影响较小,冠层自身的LAI才是影响PRI和LUE相关性的决定因素.因此,PRI和LUE关系模型还需要进一步探索和完善,引入更精确的模型和参数,不断提高LUE估算的准确度.