Preliminary investigation of submerged aquatic vegetation mapping using hyperspectral remote sensing

The use of airborne hyperspectral remote sensing imagery for automated mapping of submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) in the tidal Potomac River was investigated for near to real-time resource assessment and monitoring. Airborne hyperspectral imagery and field spectrometer measurements were obtained in October of 2000. A spectral library database containing selected ground-based and airborne sensor spectra was developed for use in image processing. The spectral library is used to automate the processing of hyperspectral imagery for potential real-time material identification and mapping. Field based spectra were compared to the airborne imagery using the database to identify and map two species of SAV (Myriophyllum spicatum and Vallisneria americana). Overall accuracy of the vegetation maps derived from hyperspectral imagery was determined by comparison to a product that combined aerial photography and field based sampling at the end of the SAV growing season. The algorithms and databases developed in this study will be useful with the current and forthcoming space-based hyperspectral remote sensing systems.     

改性污泥基吸附剂深度处理出水有机物的研究

本研究通过对污泥热解碳化,并负载传统的混凝剂制成改性污泥基吸附剂（Modified Sludge-Based Adsorbents, MSBAs）,用来深度处理超短污泥龄活性污泥工艺出水有机物（COD）.同时,以总有机物（TCOD）和溶解性有机物（SCOD）去除率及处理前后各类有机物组分特征变化为指标,评价MSBAs深度处理出水中有机物的效果及处理后污水中有机物的潜在风险.结果表明,改性后的污泥基吸附剂均有较好的有机物吸附效果,TCOD的去除效率可达到32.6%以上,其中,Fe₂（SO₄）₃改性制备的污泥基吸附剂对有机物的去除能力最大,TCOD最大的去除效率为42.5%,其中,SCOD最大的去除效率为44.1%.有机物特征分析结果显示,4种MSBAs对污水中疏水酸性有机物（HPO-A）有较好的去除效果,且处理后污水中有机物芳香构造化程度增加,稳定性增加,污水消毒副产物的产生可能性大大降低.     

水体中苯与亚硝酸的紫外光解交叉反应机理研究

利用激光闪光光解技术对不同条件下苯与亚硝酸水溶液的交叉反应机理进行研究,考察了瞬态物种的生长与衰减等行为;得到了C6H6-OH加合物,C6H6-NO^ π络合物等中间产物,并结合其光解产物的GC／MS分析,对其可能的反应机理进行了探讨,得出了一些微观反应速率常数．     

夏季东海北部近海鱼类群落结构变化

根据1964、1982、1999和2005年6月渔业生物资源底拖网监测资料,分析了东海北部近海鱼类群落结构的变化。结果表明,1964、1982、1999和2005年间,4次监测中出现的鱼类种类数分别为64、78、64和47种;4次监测中主要优势种类均为带鱼,但其资源量正逐渐降低;其它优势种类由20世纪60年代的底层优质鱼类,转变为80年代的中上层鱼类,随后转变为现在的群落结构简单、底层和中上层鱼类均较少的状况;鱼类生物多样性指数均呈现由1964年到1982年升高,随后又逐渐降低的趋势;1964-2005年间鱼类群落长度谱变化状况表明,该海域内的鱼类呈现小型种类和小个体增多,大个体减少,且长度范围变小的趋势。     

水相中CCl4和CHCl3的紫外光解机理

利用瞬态吸收光谱技术研究水体污染物CCl₄和CHCl₃在紫外光照条件下的转化和归宿,表明在248nm激光作用下,CCl₄解离为CCl₃和Cl自由基;CHCl₃在此条件下不解离,但加入少量的苯后即发生明显解离,产生CHCl₂和Cl自由基.在有氧条件下,光解产生的CCl₃和CHCl₂自由基均与O₂反应分别生成CCl₃O₂和CHCl₂O₂;在无氧条件下,CCl₃和CHCl₂则发生偶合反应分别生成C₂Cl₆和C₂H₂Cl₄.本研究还得出了一些微观速率常数.     

UV wavelengths make female three-spined sticklebacks (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Gasterosteus aculeatus</Emphasis>) more attractive for males

Numerous fishes possess UV vision and show UV patterns, which often play a role in social communication, especially during courtship. UV light is scattered strongly in water and thus might be used for intra-specific close-range communication without being detected by predators. In addition to the red-belly colouration and blue-coloured iris, male three-spined sticklebacks possess UV reflectance on their skin, and females prefer males presented with UV light rather than without. To investigate whether UV also influences male visual preference for females in this species, we used a dichotomous mate choice design in which one female could be viewed by a male in two visual conditions. Courting male sticklebacks preferred females that were presented in full-spectrum conditions including UV to the same females presented in conditions lacking this light component. Furthermore, control trials with neutral-density filters indicated that male preference in the UV treatment was not affected by a difference in achromatic brightness between the UV+ and UV− stimuli. Reflectance measurements of gravid females suggest an enhanced UV contrast between the dark bar pattern, which is characteristic of gravid females, and silvery body parts.     

根瘤菌全细胞组分的红外光谱特征

利用红外光谱仪记录并分析了36株根瘤菌全细胞组分的红外光谱图，所得图谱分辨率高、重现性好，菌株之间的光谱特征和吸收带的位置、强度各不相同。尤其在指纹区（1700-650cm^-1），不同菌株的图谱有较为明显的差别，利用红外光谱技术可以进行根瘤菌的鉴别，菌株水平的差异能充分表现出来，红外光谱分析在一定程度上可反映根瘤菌的分类地位，但实际应用起来，仍有一定的困难。     

水传病原微生物PCR-纳米金显色快速检测方法

水传病原微生物是腹泻等肠胃疾病发病的主要原因,而发展快速、有效的检测方法对于控制和减少该类微生物的传播风险十分重要.因此,本文研究了PCR反应结合不修饰的纳米金颗粒(Gold nano-particles,AuNPs)显色检测方法的最佳盐浓度、探针含量、PCR反应条件等,并从纳米金制备、病原菌种类、检测特异性等方面进行考核,确定了最优检测条件为:10μL PCR扩增产物混合20 pmol探针,95℃反应5 min,55.5℃反应3 min后,40℃杂交10 min;此时,先后加入90μL实验用纳米金和一定浓度的PBS溶液,室温观察颜色变化.结果发现,纳米金溶液由红色变为紫色或近于无色为阳性结果,对应的吸光度值迁移出530 nm,以此可达到快速检测病原微生物的目的.     

自然环境谱转化为加速试验环境谱的方法

目的研究将自然环境监测数据转化为加速试验环境谱的方法。方法提出了自然环境谱向加速试验环境谱转化的方法,举例将某地域的自然环境谱转化为加速试验环境谱,并以天然橡胶1142为试验对象,验证环境谱的转化方法。结果加速试验结果与户外暴露结果一致。样品的硬度随试验时间的延长逐渐增大,拉断伸长率不断下降,表明样品出现老化,交联程度增加,柔韧性降低。结论获得了包括环境应力水平的确定,环境应力作用时间的确定,环境谱的转化、组合和综合以及环境应力施加顺序的环境谱转化方法。     

两江交汇处水体溶解性有机质的吸收和荧光光谱特征:以渠江-嘉陵江、涪江-嘉陵江为例

利用三维荧光和紫外-可见吸收光谱手段,分析了渠江、涪江和嘉陵江交汇处水体DOM特征变化.结果表明,干支流各采样点水体DOM的FI值1.4,HIX值0.8,表现出明显陆源输入特征,整个研究区域水体混合模式为非保守混合,对交汇处水体DOM地化特征变化有一定贡献,但并非主导因素.河流沿岸不同土地利用类型对交汇处水体DOM特征改变有明显影响,聚类分析发现,所有采样点可分为两大类,一类为沿岸以森林和农田生态系统为主(渠江-嘉陵江交汇处),另一类为沿岸以城市用地为主(涪江-嘉陵江交汇处),前者向干流水体中输入芳香化程度和腐殖化程度较高的DOM,后者以浓度较高而结构相对较简单的DOM输入为主.此外,涪江-嘉陵江交汇处类蛋白质荧光组分信号增强,出现荧光T峰,表明人为活动对水体质量的影响明显.