Impacts of Multiple Stresses on Water Demand and Supply Across the Southeastern United States1

Abstract: Assessment of long‐term impacts of projected changes in climate, population, and land use and land cover on regional water resource is critical to the sustainable development of the southeastern United States. The objective of this study was to fully budget annual water availability for water supply (precipitation ? evapotranspiration + groundwater supply + return flow) and demand from commercial, domestic, industrial, irrigation, livestock, mining, and thermoelectric uses. The Water Supply Stress Index and Water Supply Stress Index Ratio were developed to evaluate water stress conditions over time and across the 666 eight‐digit Hydrologic Unit Code basins in the 13 southeastern states. Predictions from two Global Circulation Models (CGC1 and HadCM2Sul), one land use change model, and one human population model, were integrated to project future water supply stress in 2020. We found that population increase greatly stressed water supply in metropolitan areas located in the Piedmont region and Florida. Predicted land use and land cover changes will have little effect on water quantity and water supply‐water demand relationship. In contrast, climate changes had the most pronounced effects on regional water supply and demand, especially in western Texas where water stress was historically highest in the study region. The simulation system developed by this study is useful for water resource planners to address water shortage problems such as those experienced during 2007 in the study region. Future studies should focus on refining the water supply term to include flow exchanges between watersheds and constraints of water quality and environmental flows to water availability for human use.     

Numerical Investigation of the Effects of Boundary-Layer Evolution on the Predictions of Ozone and the Efficacy of Emission Control Options in the Northeastern United States

This paper examines the effects of two different planetary boundary-layer (PBL) parameterization schemes – Blackadar and Gayno–Seaman – on the predicted ozone (O₃) concentration fields using the MM5 (Version 3.3) meteorological model and the MODELS-3 photochemical model. The meteorological fields obtained from the two boundary-layer schemes have been used to drive the photochemical model to simulate O₃ concentrations in the northeastern United States for a three-day O₃ episodic period. In addition to large differences in the predicted O₃ levels at individual grid cells, the simulated daily maximum 1-h O₃ concentrations appear at different regions of the modeling domain in these simulations, due to the differences in the vertical exchange formulations in these two PBL schemes. Using process analysis, we compared the differences between the different simulations in terms of the relative importance of chemical and physical processes to O₃ formation and destruction over the diurnal cycle. Finally, examination of the photochemical model's response to reductions in emissions reveals that the choice of equally valid boundary-layer parameterizations can significantly influence the efficacy of emission control strategies.     

浙江省地质灾害现状及防治措施

概述了浙江省地质灾害的发生背景及灾害现状;从行政管理与技术治理两方面提出了地质灾害防治措施。     

Why Should We Calculate Complex Indices of Ozone Exposure? Results from Mediterranean Background Sites

While moving towards a flux-based approach, exposure-based ozone metrics are still a practical measure for summarising ambient air quality. Ozone hourly concentrations for the period 2000–2004 from sites in the Mediterranean Italy (≤600 m a.s.l.) were examined to define the O₃ summary statistic in the area, and to determine how O₃ exposure indices correlate to each other. Thirty-four of the most common O₃ exposure metrics were calculated. The results show that background O₃ pollution in Italy exceeds the European and North American standards. The exceedances of the target value, information and alert thresholds set by the 2002/3/CE Directive should encourage Italy to take the appropriate measures to reduce the risk. All the O₃ exposure indices, except the maximum permissible ozone concentration (MPOC) for forests, point to the potential for negative effects on vegetation and human health across Italy. As indices evaluated significantly correlated with each other, we suggest use of the most biologically meaningful metric when summarizing air quality information.     

混合气液两相放电对水中有机物降解的机理研究

采用混合气液两相放电的方法来处理水中的有机物.结果表明,这种新型的水处理方法对于苯酚具有较好地去除效果．随着电压的增加和空气的通入,苯酚的去除率都有所增加. 对放电区域内产生的活性物种——过氧化氢和臭氧进行了定量的测定,并发现随着电压和空气的通入量的增加,这2种物质的量都有所增加．对于反应过程中的能耗进行分析得到随着电压的增加,能耗增加的幅度要大于苯酚降解率增加的幅度,能量效率增加较小. 空气的通入增加了能耗, 输入总能量中一部分能量使反应溶液温度升高,导致了能量的损耗.     

云南九大高原湖泊水体放射性状况调查研究

文章报道了2005年度分平水期和枯水期对云南省九大高原湖泊水体放射性状况进行的调查研究结果。本次行动初步调查清楚了2005年九湖核素浓度(U、Th、~(226)Ra、~(40)K)总α和总β值的区域最大值。调查结果表明,这九大高原湖泊水体的放射性核素浓度基本属正常本底水平,没有受到人工放射性的污染。     

油田作业废水臭氧化处理技术的实验研究

针对油田作业废水(COD)高、难降解的特点,探讨了废水的pH、COD初始浓度、臭氧投加量和臭氧化时间等因素对油田作业废水的COD去除效果的影响。结果表明,臭氧化对油田作业废水COD去除效果影响的主要因素为废水pH、废水的COD和臭氧投加量;当废水的COD为1064.0mg/L、pH为3.0、臭氧投加量为10g/L时,废水的COD去除率达到69.1%;臭氧化处理对低浓度油田作业废水的COD去除效果低于其对高浓度废水的处理效果。     

紫外光和活性炭对有机物臭氧化的协同催化作用

以城市二级出水中微量有机污染物为处理的目标物质,通过静态试验分别考察了不同催化条件下臭氧对水中有机污染物的降解效果.结果表明:协同催化反应器对水体在254 nm处紫外吸光度(E₂₅₄)的去除率达87.40%,对COD_Cr的去除率可达59.79%,对臭氧的利用率可达到91.4%,因此,254 nm紫外光和活性炭对水中微量有机污染物的臭氧化过程具有协同催化作用,并大大提高了系统对臭氧的利用率;受OH－影响,碱性条件下O₃/UV/C工艺对COD_Cr和E₂₅₄的去除效果好于中性和酸性条件;不同自由基捕捉剂对臭氧化过程的影响证明,在紫外光和活性炭的协同催化作用下,臭氧分解出以羟基自由基为主的多种氧化性自由基,因此水中有机污染物的氧化降解是多种自由基反应的结果.      

工业化水平区域差异与中国能源消费

在对30个省区工业化水平进行了聚类分析的基础上，描述了工业化水平的区域差异。通过对中国煤炭、石油两类非可再生能源的消费在区域工业增长中的判别分析，探讨了区域工业化水平对能源消费水平的影响。这种影响以工业能源密度为动因，促成了区域工业化水平与能源消费总量水平的一致性和差异性。研究结果表明：工业能源密度的降低和能源效率的改进有利于工业化水平提高。     

试论可持续发展的地域公平性

以对“人地关系”、“发展内涵”和“人的位置”等的系统认识为理性基础．所提出来的可持续发展观．非常强调公平性。经典的可持续发展概念对“公平性”的理解，主要是强调时间维度上的代际公平。我们从地理学的研究核心“人地关系地域系统协调共生理论。和区域可持续发展实证研究的理论和实践的双重角度．认为公平性不仅是时间维度上的代际公平．而且是空间维度上的地域公平和群际公平。就地域公平而言．我们认为．它不仅包括相关地域的公平性而且包括次级地域的公平性和背景地域的公平性。地域公平性的这样的理论认识。在指导区域可持续发展的实践中将具有重要意义。