Estimating contribution of wildland fires to ambient ozone levels in National Parks in the Sierra Nevada, California

Data from four continuous ozone and weather monitoring sites operated by the National Park Service in Sierra Nevada, California, are used to develop an ozone forecasting model and to estimate the contribution of wildland fires on ambient ozone levels. The analyses of weather and ozone data pointed to the transport of ozone precursors from the Central Valley as an important source of pollution in these National Parks. Comparisons of forecasted and observed values demonstrated that accurate forecasts of next-day hourly ozone levels may be achieved by using a time series model with historic averages, expected local weather and modeled PM values as explanatory variables. Results on fire smoke influence indicated occurrence of significant increases in average ozone levels with increasing fire activity. The overall effect on diurnal ozone values, however, was small when compared with the amount of variability attributed to sources other than fire.     

Stable isotope signatures reflect competitiveness between trees under changed CO2/O3 regimes

Here we synthesize key findings from a series of experiments to gain new insight on inter-plant competition between juvenile beech (Fagus sylvatica) and spruce (Picea abies) under the influence of increased O₃ and CO₂ concentrations. Competitiveness of plants was quantified and mechanistically interpreted as space-related resource investments and gains. Stable isotopes were addressed as temporal integrators of plant performance, such as photosynthesis and its relation to water use and nitrogen uptake. In the weaker competitor, beech, efficiency in space-related aboveground resource investment was decreased in competition with spruce and positively related to Δ¹³C, as well as stomatal conductance, but negatively related to δ¹⁸O. Likewise, our synthesis revealed that strong belowground competition for water in spruce was paralleled in this species by high N assimilation capacity. We suggest combining the time-integrative potential of stable isotopes with space-related investigations of competitiveness to accomplish mechanistic understanding of plant competition for resources.     

Impacts of Multiple Stresses on Water Demand and Supply Across the Southeastern United States1

Abstract: Assessment of long‐term impacts of projected changes in climate, population, and land use and land cover on regional water resource is critical to the sustainable development of the southeastern United States. The objective of this study was to fully budget annual water availability for water supply (precipitation ? evapotranspiration + groundwater supply + return flow) and demand from commercial, domestic, industrial, irrigation, livestock, mining, and thermoelectric uses. The Water Supply Stress Index and Water Supply Stress Index Ratio were developed to evaluate water stress conditions over time and across the 666 eight‐digit Hydrologic Unit Code basins in the 13 southeastern states. Predictions from two Global Circulation Models (CGC1 and HadCM2Sul), one land use change model, and one human population model, were integrated to project future water supply stress in 2020. We found that population increase greatly stressed water supply in metropolitan areas located in the Piedmont region and Florida. Predicted land use and land cover changes will have little effect on water quantity and water supply‐water demand relationship. In contrast, climate changes had the most pronounced effects on regional water supply and demand, especially in western Texas where water stress was historically highest in the study region. The simulation system developed by this study is useful for water resource planners to address water shortage problems such as those experienced during 2007 in the study region. Future studies should focus on refining the water supply term to include flow exchanges between watersheds and constraints of water quality and environmental flows to water availability for human use.     

Contribution of ambient ozone to Scots pine defoliation and reduced growth in the Central European forests: a Lithuanian case study

The study aimed to explore if changes in crown defoliation and stem growth of Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris L.) could be related to changes in ambient ozone (O₃) concentration in central Europe. To meet this objective the study was performed in 3 Lithuanian national parks, close to the ICP integrated monitoring stations from which data on meteorology and pollution were provided. Contribution of peak O₃ concentrations to the integrated impact of acidifying compounds and meteorological parameters on pine stem growth was found to be more significant than its contribution to the integrated impact of acidifying compounds and meteorological parameters on pine defoliation. Findings of the study provide statistical evidence that peak concentrations of ambient O₃ can have a negative impact on pine tree crown defoliation and stem growth reduction under field conditions in central and northeastern Europe where the AOT40 values for forests are commonly below their phytotoxic levels.     

Determining metal origins and availability in fluvial deposits by analysis of geochemical baselines and solid-solution partitioning measurements and modelling

Metals in floodplain soils and sediments (deposits) can originate from lithogenic and anthropogenic sources, and their availability for uptake in biota is hypothesized to depend on both origin and local sediment conditions. In criteria-based environmental risk assessments, these issues are often neglected, implying local risks to be often over-estimated. Current problem definitions in river basin management tend to require a refined, site-specific focus, resulting in a need to address both aspects. This paper focuses on the determination of local environmental availabilities of metals in fluvial deposits by addressing both the origins of the metals and their partitioning over the solid and solution phases. The environmental availability of metals is assumed to be a key force influencing exposure levels in field soils and sediments. Anthropogenic enrichments of Cu, Zn and Pb in top layers could be distinguished from lithogenic background concentrations and described using an aluminium-proxy. Cd in top layers was attributed to anthropogenic enrichment almost fully. Anthropogenic enrichments for Cu and Zn appeared further to be also represented by cold 2 M HNO₃ extraction of site samples. For Pb the extractions over-estimated the enrichments. Metal partitioning was measured, and measurements were compared to predictions generated by an empirical regression model and by a mechanistic-kinetic model. The partitioning models predicted metal partitioning in floodplain deposits within about one order of magnitude, though a large inter-sample variability was found for Pb.     

我国安全生产基本特征规律研究

从经济社会发展视角,分析安全生产基本特征规律,指出安全生产随产业结构呈现不均衡分布特点,劳动力结构制约安全生产,城市化进程增加安全生产不稳定因素.安全生产与GDP对比分析表明,党和国家采取的一系列重大措施有效抑制了经济快速增长给安全生产带来的负面作用,我国安全生产提前进入事故波动期.通过研究区域经济与安全生产关系,得出我国4大经济区域社会经济发展水平与安全生产之间存在规律性分布特征.该研究的成果为建立安全生产长效机制,实现我国经济社会与生产安全协调发展探讨新的途径.     

2019年昆明市一次臭氧污染过程特征及成因分析

针对2019年4月22—26日昆明出现的臭氧污染过程,利用昆明空气质量数据、气象观测数据、NCEP及ERA5再分析资料,综合气象条件、天气形势、外源输送条件,分析本次污染过程的特征及其成因.结果表明：(1)本次臭氧污染过程O₃浓度呈“单峰型”变化,7:00—8:00出现每日的谷值,13:00—15:00出现每日的峰值.(2)高温低湿条件利于O₃的形成,温度为24～29℃,相对湿度为15%～35%,风向为东南风和西南风时O₃浓度易超标.(3)此次污染过程中存在O₃的水平和垂直外源输送,在天气系统的作用下,近地层静稳天气导致污染物的积累和生成,并利于将云南以西区域高浓度O₃向昆明上空水平输送;平流层下层-对流层上层的垂直入侵使高层含高浓度O₃的空气向对流层及近地层输送.(4)HYSPLIT后向轨迹进一步验证,污染过程外源输送的气团来源于云南以西的中低纬度地区,污染物浓度与气团移动路径及天气系统相吻合.     

长沙市旅游-经济-生态系统耦合协调分析

长沙市作为旅游热门城市,近年来旅游产业蓬勃发展,经济发展迅速,而生态环境是旅游产业与区域经济发展的基石,只有旅游产业、区域经济与生态环境三者协调发展,才能实现绿色可持续发展。利用长沙市2007—2018年的数据,构建3个系统的综合评价指标体系,并分析了三者的耦合协调度,发现三者的发展状况和耦合协调度总体呈现逐年递增状态,近年来生态环境略滞后于区域经济发展,长沙市在发展经济的同时更应该注重对生态环境的保护。     

浙江省旅游资源地区差异研究

以浙江省11个地市为单位,以2003年7月~2004年4月完成的全省旅游资源普查所确定的全省所有21 126个旅游资源单体为对象,分别对各地市旅游资源的数量（包括丰度和密度）、品质、组合状况等进行了综合评价及各地市间的横向比较。研究发现,环杭州湾旅游区的资源丰度最高,人文资源极为突出;金衢丽旅游区其次,自然旅游资源占明显优势;温台(温州,台州)沿海旅游区最低,但人文旅游资源与自然旅游资源比较平衡,自然景观相对突出。各地区所在地理区位特征存在一致性,各地市旅游资源丰度与密度的位次排序不一致。密度与丰度相比,位次上升最明显的是舟山、嘉兴、湖州;各地市旅游资源组合优势相对平衡,浙东、浙西南、杭州尤为突出;浙西、浙南、浙东及杭州市旅游资源的整体优势最为明显;环杭州湾旅游区旅游资源地区平均品质最高,温台沿海旅游区次之,金衢丽旅游区最低,且环杭州湾旅游区优良级旅游资源单体最为集中,分布较均衡,温台沿海旅游区则显得很不平衡。     

南昌地域城市群的发育与发展思路

在全球化过程中,城市群是城市化过程中出现的一种特殊的城镇空间组织形式,通过对城市群的发展研究来探讨区域经济的发展是学术界一个新的研究领域和良好的动态趋势。在对城市群的基本概念、发展阶段进行分析的基础上,提出了南昌地域城市群形成发展的动力机制,并对南昌地域城市群进行了界定。最后在对南昌地域城市群进行SWOT分析的基础上,提出南昌地域城市群发展的战略对策。