上海市近地面臭氧污染的健康影响评价

根据2008年上海市环境保护部门的每日24h近地面臭氧监测数据,以每日最大8h(11:00～18:59)的臭氧浓度均值作为上海市居民的平均暴露水平,以该年上海市的全部常住人口作为臭氧暴露人口,计算近地面臭氧污染对上海市居民的健康影响和相关的健康经济损失.2008年上海市近地面臭氧每日最大8h的年平均水平为88μg/m3,其中市区为78μg/m3,市郊区为96μg/m3.结果表明,近地面臭氧污染可以导致上海市居民1892(95%CI:589～3540)例早逝和26049(95%CI:13371～38499)例住院,全年的归因健康经济损失为32.42(95%CI:10.80～59.23)亿元,其中由早逝引起的损失占总健康经济损失的88.12%.提示近地面臭氧污染已对上海市居民产生了较大的健康损失和经济损失.     

Inactivation of Cryptosporidium by ozone and cell ultrastructures

The fluorescence staining method and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to study the effect of ozone (O3) inactivating Cryptosporidium in water and cell ultrastructures variation to shed light on the mechanism of inactivation preliminarily.Results indicated that O3 had a stronger inactivating capability.When the concentration of O3 was above 3.0 mg/L and the contact time was up to 7 min,a significant inactivating effect could be achieved.The turbidity on inactivation effects was also found to be statistically significant in artificial water.With increases in turbidity,the inactivating effect decreased.Inactivation rate improved with a temperature increase from 5 to 25°C,but decreased beyond this.The inactivating capability of O3 was found to be stronger under acidic than that under alkalic conditions.When the concentration of organic matter in the reaction system was increased,the competition between Cryptosporidium and organics with O3 probably took place,thereby reducing the inactivation rate.In addition,the cellular morphology of Cryptosporidium varied with different contact times.At zero contact time,cells were rotundity and sphericity,at 60 sec they became folded,underwent emboly,and burst at 480 sec,the cell membrane of Cryptosporidium shrinked and collapsed completely.     

城市污水再生利用中的消毒问题研究

从保障再生水微生物安全的角度,考察了北方某污水处理厂污水处理工艺、混凝沉淀过滤工艺以及臭氧消毒对大肠杆菌和总细菌的去除效果。结果表明,污水处理厂进水中大肠杆菌数和细菌总数分别为10^5-10^9个/L和10^9-10^11个/L,经过厌氧-缺氧-好氧组合工艺处理后两者分别降为10^3-10^6个/L和10^6-10^9个/L,再经后续混凝沉淀过滤工艺（混凝剂PAC投加量：15 mg/L Al2O3）处理,再生水中大肠杆菌和细菌总数仍分别高达10^2-10^5个/L和10^5-10^8个/L。对上述再生水进行臭氧消毒批量实验,在臭氧反应量为12 mg/L的条件下实现了对大肠杆菌的完全灭活,此时臭氧消毒运行费用为0.13元/m^3左右。     

沈阳市苏家屯区区域噪声管理措施探讨

统计2002年至2006年沈阳市苏家屯区区域噪声、功能区噪声、噪声源单位状况,对苏家屯区区域噪声污染现状进行分析,找出目前沈阳市苏家屯区对居民生活影响严重的几类区域噪声及噪声污染最严重的噪声来源。分析了苏家屯区几年来噪声治理及管理中存在的问题,并针对噪声管理存在的问题提出更加合理的噪声管理措施。     

谈规划环评中环境背景分析和影响预测的时间跨度

根据规划环境影响评价的理论和规划环境影响评价实践中得到的启示,在充分认识规划环境影响评价不仅具有空间范围,还具有时间跨度特点的基础上,探讨规划环境影响评价中考虑时间跨度的必要性,以及环境背景分析和环境影响预测中考虑时间跨度的评价和预测思路。     

AHP-SWOT分析在福建省环罗源湾区域发展定位中的应用

合理的区域发展定位,对区域的可持续发展具有很大的支持,而区域发展定位结论的得出,需要一定的方法来支撑其客观性与科学性。应用定性与定量相结合的AHP-SWOT分析工具,在前期调查的基础上,首先对影响环罗源湾区域发展的优势、劣势、机遇与威胁进行识别,然后根据专家咨询的结果进行相关的AHP-SWOT分析,最后得出如下结论：将福建省环罗源湾区域定位为集海洋经济和临港工业为一体的生态港口工业城市,把该区域建成海峡西岸服务福州市的港口加工业与物流产业基地。     

Pyrene partition behavior to the NOM: Effect of NOM characteristics and its modification by ozone preoxidation

Hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs)—pyrene, and natural organic matters (NOM) from different sources were taken as the test compounds to investigate the impact of physicochemical characteristics of NOM on HOCs’ partition to the NOM in this study. The effects of solution property, NOM characteristics, and modification by ozone preoxidation on pyrene partition to NOM were systematically evaluated. According to the fluorescence quenching method, the partition coefficient K _oc of pyrene to NOM was calculated, which was found to have a great relationship with the aromatic structures and hydrophobic functional groups of the NOM. The NOM characteristic modification corresponding to solution property could influence the interactions between the NOM and pyrene. Preozonation could destroy the aromatic or hydrophobic structures of the NOM and decrease K _oc of pyrene.     

土壤元素背景值的研究——以南方某区域为例

依据南方某区域农业地质与生态地球化学调查取得的区域地球化学资料,按照不同土壤类型求取了研究区的土壤元素背景值,并分别与该区域所在省和全国平均水平进行横向和纵向比较,进而对研究区土壤中各元素及指标的丰缺状况进行分析,从而对现有土壤利用状况作出评价,为该地区土壤污染评价和治理修复提供了重要的地球化学依据,也为农业环境的规划和相应标准的制定提供了基础资料.     

对硫磷的臭氧降解动力与机制

研究了臭氧降解对硫磷的机制、降解中间产物及影响因素。结果表明,对硫磷的臭氧降解是一个臭氧直接氧化为主和羟基自由基间接氧化为辅的氧化过程,并遵循假二级动力学。50mM离子清除剂叔丁醇使对硫磷的降解速率常数从0．09372min^-1降到0．06397min^-1,但溶液pH值对降解速率常数则无明显影响。通过GC／MS分析,确定了对氧磷为对硫磷的臭氧降解中间产物。较高的对硫磷起始浓度和离子清除剂的存在不利于对氧磷进一步降解。     

区域环境风险管理规划探讨——以广州市黄埔区为例

文章以黄埔区环境保护规划为例,介绍了区域环境规划中的环境风险管理规划,主要包括环境风险评价与环境风险区划的内容、方法、工作程序以及环境风险管理的思路。