Geographic variation in tissue accumulation of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in grazing sheep

Muscle tissue was collected from ewes and lambs derived from farms throughout Scotland and sample concentrations of five endocrine disrupting compound groups were determined. Farms of origin were categorised according to geographic region. There were few statistically-significant differences with region or distance from cities. However, the magnitude of the difference between the highest and lowest mean values in ewe muscle from different regions exceeded 30% for 13 of the 15 compounds that were consistently detected in muscle, with animals derived from the industrialised region having the highest mean values for 11 of the 13 compounds. A less marked trend was apparent in the lamb muscle (8 of 13 highest were in the industrialised region). The physiological effects of such small differences in exposure to mixtures of pollutants remain to be determined.     

Growth, leaf traits and litter decomposition of roadside hybrid aspen (Populus tremula L.× P. tremuloides Michx.) clones

Road traffic contributes considerably to ground-level air pollution and is therefore likely to affect roadside ecosystems. Differences in growth and leaf traits among 13 hybrid aspen (Populus tremula × P. tremuloides) clones were studied in relation to distance from a motorway. The trees sampled were growing 15 and 30 m from a motorway and at a background rural site in southern Finland. Litter decomposition was also measured at both the roadside and rural sites. Height and diameter growth rate and specific leaf area were lowest, and epicuticular wax amount highest in trees growing 15 m from the motorway. Although no significant distance × clone interactions were detected, clone-based analyses indicated differences in genotypic responses to motorway proximity. Leaf N concentration did not differ with distance from the motorway for any of the clones. Leaf litter decomposition was only temporarily retarded in the roadside environment, suggesting minor effects on nutrient cycling.     

Binational school-based monitoring of traffic-related air pollutants in El Paso, Texas (USA) and Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua (México)

Paired indoor and outdoor concentrations of fine and coarse particulate matter (PM), PM2.5 reflectance [black carbon(BC)], and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) were determined for sixteen weeks in 2008 at four elementary schools (two in high and two in low traffic density zones) in a U.S.-Mexico border community to aid a binational health effects study. Strong spatial heterogeneity was observed for all outdoor pollutant concentrations. Concentrations of all pollutants, except coarse PM, were higher in high traffic zones than in the respective low traffic zones. Black carbon and NO₂ appear to be better traffic indicators than fine PM. Indoor air pollution was found to be well associated with outdoor air pollution, although differences existed due to uncontrollable factors involving student activities and building/ventilation configurations. Results of this study indicate substantial spatial variability of pollutants in the region, suggesting that children’s exposures to these pollutants vary based on the location of their school.     

我国“十二五”SO_2和NO_X污染控制对策分析

大气污染治理是环境保护的重要内容。十二五时期,我国大气污染控制指标需根据国情调整。本研究针对我国目前主要大气污染物SO2、NOX及日益严重的大气复合污染问题,分析了近20年排放量、空气质量变化、控制状况。结果表明:SO2排放总量控制取得一定成效,但缺乏质量指标控制约束;NOX排放增加引发了多种复合型环境问题,部分抵消了SO2控制效果,总体上空气质量并未大幅度提升。对此,借鉴国外控制方法,提出十二五期间应进一步改善控制措施建议:SO2在总量控制基础上加入质量控制,分三类区域以不同标准和手段控制;NOX纳入约束性考核指标;选定重点行业和重点区域,对SO2、NOX采取总量与质量双重控制,并建立相应的政策支撑体系。     

太湖蓝藻水华分级及其时空变化

根据MODIS影像和实地监测叶绿素a浓度数据,采用太湖蓝藻水华分级评估方法,对2004~2008年太湖不同类型蓝藻水华类型进行评估并统计分析,探求太湖蓝藻水华特征及其时空变化规律,以期为太湖蓝藻水华预防和预警提供支持。结果表明：（1）2004~2008年,全湖共发生蓝藻水华414次,以小型蓝藻水华为主,发生333次,占总次数的80.43%;随着蓝藻水华级别的增加,发生次数逐渐减少;（2）空间上,蓝藻水华主要发生在太湖的北部和西部区域,并且蓝藻水华发生级别由高到低基本上沿西北-东南方向分布;（3）年际变化上,蓝藻水华发生次数呈逐渐增加趋势,蓝藻水华级别较高、次数较多的年份主要集中于2006年和2007年;（4）年内变化上,4~8月份,蓝藻水华发生次数呈增加趋势,8~11月,蓝藻水华发生次数逐渐减少。并且,蓝藻水华主要集中于5月和7~10月份,尤其是8~10月。     

气候变化对西苕溪流域未来洪水影响研究——Ⅱ.情景分析

研究表明VIC模型在西苕溪流域具有良好的适用性,特别是对汛期洪水的模拟。应用陆面水文模型VIC与区域气候模式PRECIS耦合,探讨了西苕溪流域未来洪水对气候变化的响应。结果表明：横塘村水文站月平均流量与月最大洪峰流量的关系较为密切,相关系数均在0.85以上,在一定程度上可以表征洪水的变化特征;基于PRECIS生成的气候情景,未来时期西苕溪流域洪水对气候变化的响应比较明显,尤其是汛期流量增加趋势较显著;结合P-Ⅲ型分布频率分析,西苕溪流域2021~2050年发生洪水极值事件的频率及量级都较基准期增大,且A2情景比B2情景相对更容易触发较大洪水,基准期50 a一遇洪水在未来两种情景下分别缩短为27 a一遇和32 a一遇,说明流域洪水对于气候变化的响应程度增大。     

长三角地区能源消费与区域发展相互关系及其影响因素

以长三角地区上海、江苏和浙江3省市为研究对象,运用Johansen协整检验、向量误差修正模型（VEC）和Granger因果检验等方法分析能源消费与经济发展的相互关系,并利用LMDI方法对3省市1995~2007年的能源强度进行分解分析,得到能源消费与区域发展关系的影响因素。结果表明：近年来长三角能源消费形势严峻,并较多地受到产业结构调整的影响。上海和江苏的能源消费在一定程度上拉动了经济发展,但是随着产业结构的调整,上海工业结构的调整促进了能源强度降低,而江苏却正好相反。近年来,浙江省的经济发展对能源消费的影响比较显著,随着该省工业规模扩大,能源强度有所升高,但是其产业结构的调整有利于降低能源强度。     

Unusual Salinity Conditions in the Yangtze Estuary in 2006: Impacts of an Extreme Drought or of the Three Gorges Dam?

During the extreme dry year of 2006, abnormal salinity conditions in the Changjiang Estuary of the Yangtze River occurred in partial coincidence with the second impoundment phase of the TGD (Three Gorges Dam). Analysis of discharge observations in the upper reaches of the estuary and of salinity observations in the estuary as a whole reveals that in 2006 salinity was over 100 mg/l during 275 days, over 250 mg/l during 75 days and over 400 mg/l during 48 days. It is well known that this is due to extreme low discharges from the upper catchment area into the estuary. Moreover, large amounts of water consumed along the lower reaches of the Yangtze River can also aggravate the low discharges that lead to stronger saltwater intrusion in the estuary. Of the 75 days that salinity was over 250 mg/l, the low discharge was decreased further by 10 to 20% due to water consumption. The additional impact of the impoundment phase of the TGD (lasting 37 days in autumn) was noticeable only during 7 days in 2006. During that period, the relative contributions of the TGD and the water consumption in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River amounted to 70 and 30%, respectively. It may be concluded that the impact of the second impoundment phase of the TGD on salinity intrusion in the estuary was modest, while the extreme drought of 2006 was the dominant cause.     

河南省旅游-经济发展类型及其开发战略

以河南省18个地市旅游与经济统计数据为样本,运用典型相关模型探讨旅游与区域经济发展之间的关系。第一典型变量揭示旅游产业发展有利于区域经济发展与对外开放;第二典型变量显示旅游发展能够促进工业化、拉动消费与固定资产投资。依据典型方程得分,划分为旅游与经济发达地区、较发达地区、一般地区等三种类型,并提出旅游发展策略。