溶剂使用源挥发性有机物排放特征与污染控制对策

VOCs（volatile organic compounds,挥发性有机物）作为臭氧和二次有机气溶胶的关键前体物,已成为工业行业重点控制的大气污染物.源头控制作为工业源VOCs污染防治的重要手段,近5年来得到了快速发展.选取家具制造业、汽车制造业和包装印刷业作为代表性溶剂使用行业,逐生产工序检测、分析溶剂使用企业在使用传统溶剂型溶剂和新型水性溶剂时的VOCs排放特征,定量研究新型低/无VOCs溶剂替代所带来的VOCs污染特征的变化规律,分析并提出溶剂使用源VOCs污染控制对策.结果表明:不同生产工序所排放VOCs的浓度及其各物种贡献率均存在差异,使用新型水性溶剂时,酯类和烷烃为首要VOCs物种,ρ（VOCs）集中在8.77~40.21 mg/m3之间;使用传统溶剂型溶剂时,苯系物和酯类为首要VOCs物种,ρ（VOCs）分布在27.08~2 418.47 mg/m3之间,ρ（VOCs）为使用新型水性溶剂的2.78~50.00倍（以平均质量浓度计）,醇类、苯系物、烯烃、酮类、酯类和烷烃的质量浓度分别为使用新型水性溶剂的75.47、19.43、18.27、5.74、5.35和1.20倍.研究显示,源头控制通常需升级配套的生产工艺及设备,但相较于末端控制和过程控制更易管控;水性溶剂替代作为现阶段溶剂使用行业源头控制的主要手段,可有效降低各排污节点的VOCs排放浓度,实现VOCs减排;同时,苯系物和烯烃排放浓度及其排放总量的削减,可降低排放废气的反应活性,从而减少溶剂使用行业二次污染物的生成量.      

Characteristics of one-year observation of VOCs, NOx, and O3 at an urban site in Wuhan, China

A continuous online observation of ozone and its precursors(NOx, VOCs) was carried out in central urban Wuhan from September 2016 to August 2017. The concentration levels of ozone,NOx, VOCs and their variations in urban Wuhan were analyzed, as well as effects of VOCs on ozone photochemical generation and the main controlling factors for ozone production. During the observation period, the average concentrations of ozone and NOx in Wuhan was 22.63 and30.14 ppbv, respectively, and the average concentration of VOCs was 32.61 ppbv(42.3% alkanes,13.0% alkenes, 10.0% aromatics, 7.3% acetylene, 9.9% OVOCs, and 10.5% halohydrocarbons).Ozone concentration was higher in spring and summer as compared with autumn and winter,wheras VOCs and NOx concentratios were lower in spring and summer but higher in autumn and winter. Aromatics and alkenes, two of VOCs species, showed the highest contributions to ozone formation potential in Wuhan(35.7% alkenes, 35.4 aromatics, 17.5% alkanes, 8.6% OVOCs,1.6% halogenated hydrocarbons, and 1.4% acetylene). Among all VOCs species, those with the highest contribution were ethylene, m-xylene, toluene, propylene and o-xylene. The contribution of these five compounds to the total ozone formation potential concentration was 43.90%.Ozone-controlling factors in Wuhan changed within one day; during the early morning hours(6:00–9:00), VOCs/NOx was low, and ozone generation followed a VOCs-limited regime.However, during the peak time of ozone concentration(12:00–16:00), the ratio of VOCs/NOx was relatively high, suggesting that ozone generation followed a NOx-limited regime.     

PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Beijing: Seasonal variations, sources, and risk assessment

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) have been of health concern due to its carcinogenesis and mutagenesis. In this study, we aimed to assess the variations, sources, and lifetime excessive cancer risk(ECR) attributable to PAHs bound to ambient particulate matters with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm(PM_(2.5)) in metropolitan Beijing, China. We collected24-hour integrated PM_(2.5) samples on daily basis between November 2014 and June 2015 across both central heating(cold months) and non-heating(warm months) seasons, and further analyzed the PAH components in these daily PM_(2.5) samples. Our results showed that total concentrations of PM_(2.5)-bound PAHs varied between(88.6 ± 75.4) ng/m~3 in the cold months and(11.0 ± 5.9) ng/m~3 in the warm months. Benzo[a]pyrene(Ba P), the carcinogenic marker of PAHs,averaged at 5.7 and 0.4 ng/m~3 in the cold and warm months, respectively. Source apportionment analyses illustrated that gasoline, biomass burning, diesel, coal combustion and cooking were the major contributors, accounting for 12.9%, 17.8%, 24.7%, 24.3% and 6.4% of PM_(2.5)-bound PAHs, respectively. The BaP equivalent lifetime ECR from inhalation of PM_(2.5)-bound PAHs was 16.2 cases per million habitants. Our results suggested that ambient particulate reduction from energy reconstruction and adaption of clean fuels would result in reductions PM_(2.5)-bound PAHs and its associated cancer risks. However, as only particulate phased PAHs was analyzed in the present study, the concentration of ambient PAHs could be underestimated.     

沧州市春季NMHCs空间分布特征

2015年春季在沧州市城区、郊区和潜在污染源附近选择了15个采样点进行同期采样.研究表明沧州市NMHCs总体上市区高于近郊及远郊区县;市区以高新区NMHCs浓度最高;郊县采样点除河间市略高外,其它采样点的浓度均明显低于市区浓度;机动车的道路排放是沧州市NMHCs的重要来源之一;沧州大化和沧州炼油在停产期间未对市区NMHCs产生明显影响;大港油田采油三厂采取了较完善的油气回收措施,未对市区NMHCs产生明显影响;平均来看,沧州市NMHCs中烷烃占65%,烯烃占16%,芳烃占19%;臭氧生成潜势(ozone formation potential,OFPs)主要来源于二甲苯(19%)、乙烯(14%)、甲苯(11%)、丙烯(5%)、异戊烷(5%)和异戊烯(5%)等;气溶胶生成潜势(formation potential of secondary organic aerosol,SOAFPs)主要来源于甲苯(28%)、蒎烯(28%)、二甲苯(16%)、乙苯(9%)和苯(9%)等.     

煤层气产出水的人工湿地构建与处理效果研究

针对煤层气田产出水排放所存在的环境隐患,在山西省沁水盆地建立复合型人工湿地处理系统,对比产出水经该系统处理前后的水质,研究人工湿地系统对煤层气产出水的净化效果,结果表明:人工湿地对产出水中污染物发挥了较为稳定的去除效果,出水水质可达农田灌溉水质标准。其中,人工湿地对于产出水中的悬浮物和重金属有良好的去除效果,悬浮物去除率达99.13%,重金属去除率达90%以上;对产出水的pH值具有良好的调节作用,使出水水质趋于中性。研究人工湿地系统的沿程水质变化,发现悬浮物的去除主要发生在阶梯式人工湿地,湿地系统对全盐量的去除效果不明显。该湿地系统由于处理成本低廉,可为野外处理类似高盐度的采矿废水提供借鉴和参考。     

区域贸易隐含碳排放和SO_2排放的投入产出分析——以江苏为例

区域碳排放责任划分和污染治理必须考虑空间转移问题,才能制定公平可行的减排和治理方案。中国区域产业结构和消费模式不同,区域间贸易往来密切,需要对贸易品中隐含的碳排放和污染排放进行估算。论文采用多区域投入产出模型,计算了江苏基于生产者角度和消费者角度的碳排放和SO_2排放,对各部门贸易中隐含的碳排放和SO_2排放进行了估算,并对隐含碳排放和SO_2排放流入最高的4个部门和最终需求中碳排放和SO_2排放的流入来源进行了分析,结果发现江苏属于碳排放和SO_2排放净流入区域,净流入碳排放17.87 Mt C,净流入SO_2排放9.05×104t。金属冶炼及压延加工业、化学工业、电力和热力的生产和供应业以及建筑业输入贸易中隐含的碳排放和SO_2排放都较大,未来江苏产业结构调整面临较大压力。     

GIS-based analysis of population exposure to PM2.5 air pollution—A case study of Beijing

PM_(2.5), formally defined as particulate matter with diameter less than 2.5 μm, is one of most harmful air pollutants threatening human health. Numerous epidemiological studies have shown that both short-term and long-term exposures to PM_(2.5) are strongly linked with respiratory diseases. In this study, various types of spatio-temporal data were collected and used to estimate the spatio-temporal variation of PM_(2.5) exposure in Beijing in 2014. The seasonal and daily variation of the population-weighted exposure level(PWEL) in 2014 was estimated and compared. The results show that the population exposure to ambient air pollution differs significantly in the four seasons, and the exposure levels in winter and spring are notably higher than the other seasons; the exposure level changes greatly from North to South, and each sub-district maintains similarity to neighboring sub-districts.     

区域性人力资源开发对生态环境保护的促进作用分析研究

介绍了区域性人力资源开发的过程,确定影响区域性人力资源开发战略制定的因素变量,设计区域性人力资源开发战略环境分析的框架,从生态环境概况、生态环境保护的基本原则、生态环境保护的措施方面进行论述,对生态环境保护的研究发展进行分析,人口、资源、环境与经济之间的联系进行论述,确定人口、资源、环境与经济之间的关系,通过论述区域性人力资源开发对生态环境保护问题和加速工业化和现代化进程的重要地位,实现区域内人力资源开发与生态环境保护的关系的论述,并以三峡库区为例,对三峡库区生态环境状况较差的原因进行分析,确定三峡库区人力资源开发对生态环境保护的促进作用,完成区域性人力资源开发对生态环境保护的促进作用分析.     

单次降水对高寒草地温室气体通量昼夜变化的影响研究

在全球变化背景下,青藏高原降水格局发生改变,并影响高寒草地温室气体排放.为了更好地认识降水变化与高寒草地温室气体排放的关系,在2015年7月24日,通过人工降水6.7 mm,研究了单次降水对高寒草地温室气体昼夜变化的影响.表明:(1)单次降水没有改变土壤温度,但显著增加了土壤湿度;(2)单次降水后24小时内,高寒草地CH4吸收量降低了2.46倍,CO2和N2 O排放量分别提高15.3%和98.9%;(3)单次降水弱化了高寒草地CH4和N2 O排放量与土壤温度的关系.     

基于观测的臭氧污染研究方法

总结了国内外研究中常用的基于外场观测的臭氧污染成因分析方法。区域传输和本地生成的相对贡献以及臭氧与前体物的非线性关系是研究臭氧污染和制定控制对策的两个关键科学问题。基于对观测数据的分析,常见的量化区域传输和本地生成贡献的方法包括背景点测量法、TCEQ区域背景臭氧估算法和主成分分析区域背景臭氧估算法;用于诊断臭氧光化学生成机制的方法包括光化学指示剂比值法和基于观测的化学模型。本文对上述方法的原理和应用情况进行了总结,并对其优缺点和适用条件进行了评述,以期为环境监测资料的深入科学分析提供参考和借鉴。