Song-type sharing in song sparrows: implications for repertoire function and song learning

One hypothesis for the function of song repertoires is that males learn multiple song types so that they may share songs with neighbors, allowing them to match during territorial interactions. In at least one song sparrow population, in Washington, territorial males share a high proportion of song types with their neighbors and use these shared songs in matching. We recorded song sparrows in Pennsylvania and quantified sharing of whole songs and song segments. We found that song sharing is an order of magnitude less common in the Pennsylvania population. We found sharing of song segments to be significantly more common than the sharing of whole songs in three of the five fields we examined, while we found no significant differences between whole and partial song sharing in the remaining two fields. Finally, we found no evidence that sharing is greater between birds in the same field compared to birds in different fields. Taken with the data from Washington song sparrows, these results provide evidence for intraspecific geographic variation in the organization of song repertoires, and suggest that song sharing has not been a strong selective force in the evolution of song repertoires in song sparrows as a species. Furthermore, Washington and Pennsylvania song sparrows differ in how they learn song, in that Washington birds copy whole songs, while Pennsylvania birds appear to copy and recombine song segments, as has been found in laboratory studies of song learning. Thus both song learning and the function of song repertoires differ between populations of song sparrows. Such intraspecific geographic variation offers a unique opportunity to explore the ecological and historical factors which have influenced the evolution of song. Received: 30 June 1997 / Accepted after revision: 8 March 1998     

An integrated assessment modeling framework for assessing primary and secondary impacts from carbon dioxide stabilization scenarios

As the nations of the world negotiate future controls on greenhouse gas emissions, a critical environmental policy issue becomes understanding the multiple environmental consequences of these controls. Here we describe an integrated assessment model for quantifying multiple environmental impacts of large-scale environmental initiatives and apply this model to climate change mitigation. Our analysis shows that reductions in global warming will be accompanied by reductions in ozone depletion, acid rain and mercury emissions, and desulfurization waste generation. We also conclude that the largest collateral benefits from reducing global climate change may be in the developing world. This result is critical since it is the developing nations who ultimately control the long-term success of any climate stabilization strategy. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

冀鲁豫交界区地震活动与区域构造运动的关系

根据冀鲁豫交界区（３５．０°～３６．５°Ｎ,１１３．５°～１１６．０°Ｅ）的地震构造格架与地震活动分布,分析研究了本区的地震活动性,得出了本区地震活动与区域构造运动的牵动作用,并探讨了本区的地震危险性。     

渤海湾表层沉积物重金属污染状况及年际变化分析

根据2014～2018年渤海湾海洋生态环境沉积物质量业务化监测数据,对沉积物中Hg、Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr、Zn和As等7种重金属元素的含量及年际变化趋势进行了分析.通过单因子污染指数法、地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法,评价了研究区近岸海域沉积物重金属污染状况和潜在生态风险程度.结果显示,符合一类标准的站位达92%以上,主要超标因子为Cd和Hg,这两种重金属含量的高值区一般分布在渤海湾南北两侧近岸地区,包括北侧天津港、黄骅港附近,南侧滨州、东营近岸.Hg、Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr、Zn和As等单个重金属含量年际变化有所不同,年平均单因子污染指数均不大于1,年平均地累积指数均小于0,表明研究海域沉积物质量状况良好,其中Cu单因子污染指数较大,近5年的平均值达到0.653;Cd地累积指数相对较大,对其监测工作值得重点关注.2014～2018年研究区域沉积物重金属的总潜在生态危害程度为轻微等级,仅Hg和Cd部分站位出现强和中等的生态危害程度,各类重金属元素对渤海湾海域生态构成潜在危害风险顺序为Cd>Hg>As>Pb>Cu>Cr>Zn;RI基本表现为先升高后...     

Revealing source signatures in ambient BTEX concentrations

Management of ambient concentrations of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) is essential for maintaining low ozone levels in urban areas where its formation is under a VOC-limited regime. The significant decrease in traffic-induced VOC emissions in many developed countries resulted in relatively comparable shares of traffic and non-traffic VOC emissions in urban airsheds. A key step for urban air quality management is allocating ambient VOC concentrations to their pertinent sources. This study presents an approach that can aid in identifying sources that contribute to observed BTEX concentrations in areas characterized by low BTEX concentrations, where traditional source apportionment techniques are not useful. Analysis of seasonal and diurnal variations of ambient BTEX concentrations from two monitoring stations located in distinct areas reveal the possibility to identify source categories. Specifically, the varying oxidation rates of airborne BTEX compounds are used to allocate contributions of traffic emissions and evaporative sources to observed BTEX concentrations.     

太湖不同湖区轮虫群落结构季节变化的比较研究

2006年7月～2007年6月对太湖不同湖区(河口区、梅梁湾、太湖湖心区和贡湖湾)轮虫的季节变化进行了比较研究.整个研究期间,河口区、梅梁湾、太湖湖心区和贡湖湾轮虫种类数分别为23、15、14和21;河口区轮虫的年平均密度最高,为475个·L-1,梅梁湾最低,为164个·L-1,太湖湖心区为189个·L1-,贡湖湾为338个·L-1.4个湖区优势种不同,河口区轮虫优势种为萼花臂尾轮虫(B.cdyciflorus),梅梁湾为角突臂尾轮虫(B.angularis),太湖湖心区和贡湖湾优势种都是针簇多肢轮虫(P.trigla).食物的不同以及大型浮游甲壳动物的抑制作用,可能是太湖4个湖区轮虫群落结构不同的重要原因.相关分析表明,轮虫数量与枝角类数量、枝角类生物量和桡足类生物量极显著负相关;轮虫数量与透明度显著正相关.结果表明,太湖4个不同湖区轮虫群落结构不同.     

锡林河流域地表水水化学主离子特征及控制因素

通过对2006~2008年锡林河主要径流期内13个河水断面239个水样以及同期地下水和大气降水主离子水化学进行分析,结合锡林河流域的气象和水文资料,利用Piper三线图和Gibbs图分析了锡林河河水的水化学特征及主离子组成变化特征.结果表明,锡林河河水TDS变化范围在136.7~376.5 mg·L-1之间,平均245.1 mg·L-1,为低矿化度河水;河水中主要阳离子以Ca2+为主,阴离子以HCO-3为主,河水的水化学类型从HCO-3-Ca2+过渡到HCO-3-Ca2+·Mg2+;河水主离子平均浓度年内、年际变化均不大,年内变化表现在5月主离子浓度高于其他月,年际变化表现为主离子在2007年的平均浓度均较小;空间上,Ca2+、Na+、Mg2+、K+、Cl-和HCO-3的浓度呈现沿程逐渐增加的趋势,SO2-4的浓度变化呈先增加后减小的趋势;河水中主离子浓度值介于大气降水和地下水之间,并且十分接近地下水浓度,说明地表水同时受大气降水和地下水补给并主要依靠地下水补给;Gibbs图显示河水离子组成主要与流域内的岩石风化有关,流域有一定量的蒸发岩存在,但蒸发岩对水化学的贡献弱于碳酸盐岩.     

基于区域气候模式CCLM的中国极端降水事件预估

选用中国气象局国家气候中心由逐日观测资料插值而成的格点化观测数据集,评估了区域气候模式COSMO-CLM(CCLM)对中国极端降水的模拟能力,并对2016—2050年中国极端降水事件进行预估。文中主要采用强度-面积-持续时间(Intensity-Area-Duration,IAD)方法,识别了既定时间尺度下具有一定强度和影响面积的极端降水事件,分析未来中国极端降水事件的特征和变化趋势,结果表明:1)区域气候模式CCLM对中国极端降水的空间分布和变化趋势均有较强的模拟能力;2)2016—2050年中国极端降水事件整体呈增加趋势,RCP 8.5情景下变化更为显著,事件强度更大;3)未来不同情景下,均有可能发生强度或影响面积超过基准期最大值的事件,其中影响面积大的事件多发生在华北和东北,强度大的事件多发生在西南和华南。     

2014~2016年京津冀沿山城市空气质量首要污染物特征分析

对北京、保定、石家庄、邢台和邯郸这5个京津冀太行山沿山城市2014~2016年空气质量首要污染物进行分析,探讨其空间分布特征和时间变化趋势.结果表明,北京首要污染物由主到次为PM_2.5、O₃-8h、NO₂和PM₁₀,其他4个城市首要污染物排序为PM_2.5、PM₁₀、O₃-8h、NO₂、SO₂和CO.在空间分布上,各城市PM_2.5首要污染物天数比例3 a均值相当（53.3%~58.1%）,但从北向南,5个城市PM₁₀天数比例基本呈上升趋势,而O₃-8h反之.除邯郸PM_2.5首要污染物天数比例逐年明显下降外,其他4个城市的天数比例年际变化幅度较小;2016年石家庄、邢台和邯郸O₃-8h天数比例均显著上升.各城市PM_2.5和O₃-8h首要污染物天数月变化曲线分别呈"W"型和"倒U"型,PM₁₀首要污染物天数在3~5月出现明显高值区.从良至严重污染,各城市PM_2.5和PM₁₀首要污染物天数比例之和随空气质量级别逐级递增,其中PM₁₀天数比例逐级下降,而PM_2.5表现相反;O₃-8h首要污染物天基本出现在良至中度污染级别,且总体上逐级下降;NO₂仅在良级天有较高的天数比例贡献.     

有机酸对长江三角洲大气背景区降水酸化的影响

为了揭示有机酸对长江三角洲区域降水酸化的影响,2008年在浙江临安区域大气本底站采集了35场降水的样本,用离子色谱梯度淋洗方法测定有机酸浓度.结果表明,甲酸、乙酸、甲磺酸、乙二酸、丙二酸、丁二酸、戊二酸均有不同程度检出,一元有机酸中甲酸和乙酸在每场降水中均有检出;二元有机酸中,乙二酸和丁二酸检出率很高,其他有机酸检出率较低.甲酸、乙酸和乙二酸约占检测到的总有机酸的89%,其中甲酸和乙酸占总有机酸的80%,约占阴离子总量的13%;甲酸、乙酸、总有机酸的浓度及其在阴离子总量中所占比例都远高于我国北京、深圳等城市,有机酸对长江三角洲大气背景区降水化学的影响比城市地区显著.另外,生长季节降水中有机酸浓度高于非生长季节,表明植被排放的有机酸是长江三角洲大气背景区降水中有机酸的重要来源.