硫酸锰废渣的浸出毒性及无害化处理的研究

研究了硫酸锰废渣的主要金属元素组成及浸出毒性,并采用锰渣加石灰混合的方法进行无害化处理。结果表明,硫酸锰废渣浸出液中Mn和Cd含量超标,锰渣加石灰混合的方法能有效降低废渣的浸出毒性,锰渣与石灰的质量比为25∶2效果最佳。     

Evaluating the Applicability of Regulatory Leaching Tests for Assessing Lead Leachability in Contaminated Shooting Range Soils

The toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) is the current US-EPA standard protocol to evaluate metal leachability in wastes and contaminated soils. However, application of TCLP to assess lead (Pb) leachability from contaminated shooting range soils may be questionable. This study determined Pb leachability in the range soils using TCLP and another US-EPA regulatory leaching method, synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP). Possible mechanisms that are responsible for Pb leaching in each leaching protocol were elucidated via X-ray diffraction (XRD). Soil samples were collected from the backstop berms at four shooting ranges, with Pb concentrations ranging from 5,000 to 60,600 mg kg⁻¹ soil. Lead concentrations in the TCLP leachates were from 3 to 350 mg l⁻¹, with all but one soil exceeding the USEPA non-hazardous waste disposal limit of 5 mg l⁻¹. However, continued dissolution of metallic Pb particles from spent Pb bullets and its re-precipitation as cerussite (PbCO₃) prevented the TCLP extraction from reaching equilibrium at the end of the standard leaching period (18 h). Thus, the standard one-point TCLP test would either over- or under-estimate Pb leachability in shooting range soils. Lead concentration in the SPLP leachates ranged from 0.021 to 2.6 mg l⁻¹, with all soils above the USEPA regulatory limit of 0.015 mg l⁻¹. In contrast to TCLP, SPLP leaching had reached equilibrium, with regard to both pH and Pb concentrations, within the standard 18 h leaching period, and the analytical SPLP results were in good agreement with those derived from modeling. Thus, we concluded that SPLP is a more appropriate alternative than TCLP for assessing lead leachability in range soils.     

浅析国军标GJB150与美军标MIL-STD-810F盐雾试验

参照MIL-STD-810C编制的GJB150于1986年发布,从发布至今一直是国内环境适应性设计工作主要的参考标准。2000年MIL—STD-810F发布,其中盐雾试验方法与GJB150不同。为了比较两种试验方法对样品失效的激发程度是否有区别,本文对21种样品分别按照两种方法进行试验。同时本文对盐雾腐蚀机理和盐雾腐蚀防护措施做了介绍。     

我国城建领域引入合伙管理模式的探索

国际上流行的一种项目管理模式——Partnering模式,具有很明显的特点,能够提高工程质量、按时完工、节约预算投资、减少诉讼,可顺利解决我国城建项目管理当中的一些主要矛盾。结合我国城建项目管理的现状,讨论了成功引入Partnering模式所应采取的主要措施,诸如:程序、机制、工作研讨会等。     

行为经济学视角的农民工隐性户籍墙分析

20世纪70年代滞涨后,大量无法解释应对的现实问题让人们意识到,主流经济学关于人的基本假设存在不足,在经济研究中结合人的心理的探讨是必要的。为解释现实中农民工不积极申请积分制入户,文章利用二元Logistic模型对武汉市数据进行了分析,并基于行为经济学中的失望/后悔效应、牺牲陷阱、偏见与错觉理论解释了结果,提出作为户籍制度衍生的社会屏蔽,隐性户籍墙应囊括由二元户籍导致的对农民和市民在社会生活一切方面的歧视,其对农民工农转非选择的作用不仅在于这些客观歧视,还在于农民工面对歧视时的主观心理。改革开放后,我国大规模的人口流动持续至今,未来相当长的时期内还会日趋活跃,尤以农民工的流动突出,凸显农民工市民化的重要性。当前,农民工对市民化的犹豫不愿意,反映户籍改革及其配套制度的建立完善不到位,其与促进农民工市民化、城镇化、实现城乡一体化的要求尚有差距。     

污染场地土壤通用评估基准建立的理论和常用模型

污染场地土壤通用评估基准的建立与每个国家的经济水准及社会发展紧密相关.从国际相关领域的发展趋势来看,场地基准的建立基于风险基础之上.我国正在颁布污染场地风险评估技术导则(C-RAG),表明我国已选择风险基础上的污染场地管理模式.文章回顾了污染场地土壤通用评估基准建立的理论、方法及通用模型,并推荐污染场地评估的模型框架,...     

危化品突发泄漏事故应急检测标准化作业研究

介绍了危化品突发泄漏事故应急检测方法,包括试纸法、气体速测管法和便携式分析仪器测定法。对硫化氢、氨、苯、可燃气4种典型有害物质的应急检测方法与标准检测方法进行了实验比对,结果表明其应急检测方法能够满足应急检测工作的要求。编写了危化品突发泄漏事故应急检测标准化作业文件集和《危化品突发泄漏事故应急检测作业指南》。文件集的建立能够规范应急检测工作流程、保证应急检测工作质量、提高工作效率。《危化品突发泄漏事件应急检测作业指南》,能够保证事故现场应急检测工作高效有序开展,为应急救援人员提供必要安全保障,为事故原因调查和分析提供充分可靠的数据依据。     

The establishment of a standard operation procedure for psychiatric service after an earthquake

This study presents information on the design and creation of a standard operation procedure (SOP) for psychiatric service after an earthquake. The strategies employed focused on the detection of survivors who developed persistent psychiatric illness, particularly post-traumatic stress and major depressive disorders. In addition, the study attempted to detect the risk factors for psychiatric illness. A Disaster-Related Psychological Screening Test (DRPST) was designed by five psychiatrists and two public health professionals for rapidly and simply interviewing 4,223 respondents within six months of the September 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake. A SOP was established through a systemic literature review, action research, and two years of data collection. Despite the limited time and resources inherent to a disaster situation, it is necessary to develop an SOP for psychiatric service after an earthquake in order to assist the high number of survivors suffering from subsequent psychiatric impairment.     

军队车辆交通安全风险评估研究

将风险评估制度引入军队车辆安全管理中,通过确立评估目标、建立评估指标、评估组织,制定实施细则等程序,来识别、评价和控制车辆安全风险,将风险降到最低水平,确保完成各项运输保障任务。在从4个方面建立军队车辆安全评估指标的基础上,构造判断矩阵来确定各个评价指标的权重,并通过实例来验证方法的有效性和适用性。结果表明:军队车辆交通安全风险评估牵涉范围广、涉及问题多,该评价模型能够将车辆交通安全风险的定性分析转化为定量分析,对交通安全风险进行准确评估。     

Evaluation of the use of a sequential extraction procedure for the characterization and treatment of metal containing solid waste

Metal containing wastes like MSWI fly ashes and blast furnace sludge form a major environmental problem as they are polluted with heavy metals. The ash has to be landfilled or can be used as a construction material, but a pretreatment is in general necessary. Washing of the ashes with water in order to dissolve soluble salts or extracting the heavy metals with chemicals are possibilities. Blast furnace sludge contains large quantities of iron and carbon and could be recycled in the blast furnace, if the zinc content were not that high. Using a hydrometallurgical process the zinc can be removed from the sludge particles. In order to evaluate such treatment methods knowledge of the leaching behaviour of the studied material is very important. One of the factors influencing the leaching behaviour is the composition and mineralogy of the solids. A sequential extraction procedure, whereby the material is sequentially leached with different leaching solutions, can be used as an aid to characterize the material and to determine which chemical conditions are needed to obtain a sufficient extraction efficiency. To verify the accuracy of the sequential extraction procedure, a method is tested on MSWI fly ash and evaluated by comparing the results with those of leaching experiments whereby the final pH of the leaching solutions is varied over a wide range. Based upon this evaluation some suggestions for the use of the sequential extraction procedure are made and an adapted procedure is suggested, and applied to a blast furnace sludge.