新农村建设中的环境问题与规划对策

文章对新世纪农村环境问题的内涵进行了探讨,结合新农村规划的实践提出了有针对性的建议与对策,并进一步以新农村建设中产业选择和污水处理问题为例进行了具体的分析研究。     

粉煤灰/工业污泥烧结陶粒的制备与应用

以粉煤灰和工业污水处理站的剩余污泥为主要原材料，采用烧结法研制复合陶粒。分析了不同配方和不同烧结温度对陶粒性能的影响，以陶粒吸水率．容重为评价指标确定最佳配比和最佳烧结温度。提出用陶粒铺设景观水底，治理城市水体．并对其进行了可行性分析。粉煤灰／污泥陶粒的容重为0．79～0．9g／cm^3，吸水率为68．95％-80．01％。陶粒对水中氨氮和总磷吸附容量分别为0．03～0．05mg／g和0．01-0.02mg／g。     

中国耕地资源的区域差异与保护问题

采用土地整理工程手段建设基本农田,有助于实现耕地数量保护与质量提高,但必须遵循因地制宜的原则。论文根据自然地理区划和各地区的地貌特征,从分布特点、地类结构和利用水平等方面,对中国耕地资源的现状进行分析;针对自然条件和经济发展水平的区域差异,提出各地区耕地资源建设和保护的方向与重点。东部季风区应重点完善农田水利设施,改造现有中低产田,提高土地生产能力;西北干旱区不宜大规模开发,要着重发展农业节水技术,提高水资源利用率,防治土地退化;青藏高原区则应限制开垦。在土地整理与耕地资源建设中,因地制宜具体表现在生态保护、量力而行和重在效用3个方面。     

Homegardens as a Multi-functional Land-Use Strategy in Sri Lanka with Focus on Carbon Sequestration

This paper explores the concept of homegardens and their potential functions as strategic elements in land-use planning, and adaptation and mitigation to climate change in Sri Lanka. The ancient and locally adapted agroforestry system of homegardens is presently estimated to occupy nearly 15 % of the land area in Sri Lanka and is described in the scientific literature to offer several ecosystem services to its users; such as climate regulation, protection against natural hazards, enhanced land productivity and biological diversity, increased crop diversity and food security for rural poor and hence reduced vulnerability to climate change. Our results, based on a limited sample size, indicate that the homegardens also store significant amount of carbon, with above ground biomass carbon stocks in dry zone homegardens (n = 8) ranging from 10 to 55 megagrams of carbon per hectare (Mg C ha⁻¹) with a mean value of 35 Mg C ha⁻¹, whereas carbon stocks in wet zone homegardens (n = 4) range from 48 to 145 Mg C ha⁻¹ with a mean value of 87 Mg C ha⁻¹. This implies that homegardens may contain a significant fraction of the total above ground biomass carbon stock in the terrestrial system in Sri Lanka, and from our estimates its share has increased from almost one-sixth in 1992 to nearly one-fifth in 2010. In the light of current discussions on reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+), the concept of homegardens in Sri Lanka provides interesting aspects to the debate and future research in terms of forest definitions, setting reference levels, and general sustainability.     

试论区域环境综合整治研究新途径——环境重塑

针对目前环境学科研究彼此孤立的现状和经济社会与环境的统一性要求,从系统整合研究的观点出发,提出区域环境重塑的概念和方法框架,试图推动环境问题的整体研究.环境重塑必须从多学科出发,通过社会-经济-环境复合系统运行机制的研究和模拟仿真,找出系统主要矛盾和因子,综合运用技术和政策措施多角度地加以整治,才能重构系统组织,实现整体协调和发展协调.     

露天矿土地复垦综合预控研究

针对露天矿开采与土地复垦过程中遇到的综合技术问题,采用综合分析与模拟的方法,把露天矿开采工艺与土壤重构原理相结合,实现露天矿剥、采、排一体化工艺,优化排土顺序和位置,采集数据并建立采场和排土场DEM模型,同时对排土场覆盖的熟土进行定量计算,确定该区域的覆土量和平均覆土厚度,并对排土场生态重建进行三维景观模拟,实行排土场数字化管理,该技术使露天矿实现向精细、集中、数字化管理模式转变。     

不同植被恢复模式下土壤微生物及酶活性的比较--以嘉陵江上游地区为例

研究了嘉陵江上游退耕还林区内5种植被恢复模式下土壤微生物、土壤酶活性以及理化性质。结果表明：①5种植被恢复模式土壤微生物数量、酶活性以及有机质、全氮含量等均明显高于无植被对照;②不同植被恢复模式土壤微生物总数：火烧迹地灌丛﹥刺槐林﹥湿地松×刺槐混交林﹥青冈林﹥湿地松﹥对照地;③不同植被恢复模式下土壤酶活性不同,表层土壤脲酶活性：火烧迹地灌丛﹥青冈林﹥刺槐林﹥湿地松﹥混交林﹥对照地,蔗糖酶（转化酶）：火烧迹地灌丛﹥湿地松﹥青冈林﹥刺槐林﹥混交林﹥对照地,过氧化氢酶活性各林分间变化不明显。     

环境综合整治是现代化城市管理的必然途径

环境综合整治是我国环保工作的重要政策，杨浦区通过开展环境综合整治定量考核，取得了较好的效果，数据表明区域的环境质量有明显提高，其体会是：环境综合整治要以责任制为龙头，以规划为依据，以“三依靠”为基础，使区域内的环境与经济协调发展，加强环境综合整治已成为各级政府现代化管理城市的重要手段。     

微生物技术改善河道水质的研究

该课题是探索直接利用人工培养的微生物改善河道水质的研究。在桂林桃花江河道投放反硝化细菌制剂2个月后,水质有了一定程度的改善,COD和TN的浓度降低,但TP和浊度变化幅度不大。受进水水质和低温天气的影响,反硝化细菌制剂的净化作用及反硝化作用不能充分发挥。     

Water-saving Technologies,Solar Green House and Ecological Rehabilitation in Minqin Oasis of Gansu Province,China

Land degradation and desertification have become severe environmental problems in arid areas due to excessive use of water resources. It is urgent to reduce agricultural water use for ecological rehabilitation, which may result in a decrease in agricultural production and farmer＇s welfare. This paper focused on the impacts of some main measures including extensions of watersaving irrigation, expanding solar green house and increasing off-farm employment, which are generally recognized to be important to alleviate water shortage and poverty. A bioconomic model is applied taking Minqin Oasis in Gansu Province as a case study site. Simulation results showed that the effect of expanding solar greenhouse was more positive than other ones so it drew more attention. On the view of the different effects between each irrigation zone, mixed policy patterns suitable for them are suggested. In Baqu, expanding solar greenhouse should be the most important, auxiliary with encouraging pipe irrigation. Inversely, with regard to Quanshan, the major attention should be paid to subsidy for pipe irrigation and it would be better to supply the off-farm employment opportunities to the households in Huqu, where the expanding of solar greenhouse should also be summoned. Finally, it should be noted that farmer＇s income would only resume to 90% of the current level in the short run by putting more effort into local policies. Thus, the ecological compensation is needed to ensure farmer＇s welfare.