湖北省重大自然灾害数据库的设计与应用

自然灾害,尤其是重大自然灾害是影响生产布局、制约区域经济发展的重要因素,在重大灾害中,气象灾害和地震灾害是对人类威胁最大的灾种。湖北省地处长江中游,是我国重大自然灾害的多发区与重灾区,其减灾、防灾的研究具特别重要的意义。通过对湖北省历代有关气象灾害和地震灾害历史文献的收集、整理、分等分级,并且在计算机软硬件平台的支持下生成数据库,将零散、杂乱的各处有关灾害的史料变成一个有序的信息源,为有关抗灾、防     

Bioconcentration kinetics of PCBs in various parts of the lifecycle of the tadpoles Xenopus laevis

Polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） in Xenopus laevis have been reported only for a few congeners. Additionally, there is very little information on the ability of Xenopus laevis to bioconcentrate PCBs. To address these issues, the tadpole Xenopus laevis was exposed to Aroclor 1254 mixtures in water at room temperature for 110 d followed by an additional 110 d of nonspiked PCBs in the water for the control group. During the whole process, bioconcentration factors （BCFs） of PCBs ranged from 1180 to 15670. For most PCB congeners, the highest and lowest bioconcentrations of the kinetic curves were found to be remarkably simultaneous, respectively. All 141 PCB congeners under the same experimental conditions had no linear correlation on the lgBCF versus lgKow relationship. The relationship between lgBCFs and lgKow followed a parabolic pattern indicative of selective bioconcentration, suggesting that the kinetic curves of the PCB congeners observed in the lifecycle of the tadpoles may be concentrated due to the amphibian special species and internal metabolism. In contrast, lgBCFs for PCBs were inversely related to lgKow, suggesting that a metabolism of the higher Kow PCB congeners occurred. These results support the author＇s conclusion that the tadpole Xenopus laevis plays major roles in the bioconcentration of PCB congeners, and demonstrated that the exposure kinetic curves of PCB congeners are complex. Besides the amphibian metamorphous development, the lifecycle of the tadpole Xenopus laevis also may be of importance in determining the bioconcentration of PCB congeners.     

Vertical distribution of nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylates in sedimentary core from the Beipaiming Channel, North China

The vertical profiles of nonylphenol （NP） and nonylphenol ethoxylates （NPEOs） were investigated in a sediment core from the Beipaiming Channel, North China using high sensitive LC-MS and GC-MS metthods In this core, relatively high concentrations of NP and NPEOs occurred in the surface sediment （≤40 cm）, with the maximum value of NP and NPEOs reaching 3539 and 12735 mg/g, respectively, whereas, no NP or NPEOs were detected in deeper sediments （〉40 cm）. The high concentrations of NP and NPEOs in the surface layers suggested recent inputs in this area. NPEOs with short ethoxy chains （NPnEO, n=0-3） were dominant in the NPEO mixture with percentages from 54% to 78%, which were similar to the distribution of homolog NPEO in effluents from nearby sewage treatment plants （STPs）, indicating that the channel received the effluents from these STPs. The sewage treatment ratio was quite similar to that found in North America before the 1980s. Finally, the concentrations of NP and NPEOs were related to the total organic carbon （TOC） （p〈0.001）, suggesting that TOC was an important factor for vertical distribution of NPEOs and NP from the Beipaiming Channel.     

Control factors of partial nitritation for landfill leachate treatment

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) technology has potential technical superiority and economical efficiency for the nitrogen removal from landfill leachate, which contains high-strength ammonium nitrogen (NH4 -N) and refractory organics. To complete the ANAMMOX process, a preceding partial nitritation step to produce the appropriate ratio of nitrite/ammonium is a key stage. The objective of this study was to determine the optimal conditions to acquire constant partial nitritation for landfill leachate treatment, and a bench scale fixed bed bio-film reactor was used in this study to investigate the effects of the running factors on the partial nitritation. The results showed that both the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and the ammonium volumetric loading rate (Nv) had effects on the partial nitritation. In the controlling conditions with a temperature of 30±1℃, Nv of 0.2-1.0 kg NH4 -N/(m3d), and DO concentration of 0.8-2.3 mg/L, the steady partial nitritation was achieved as follows: more than 94% partial nitritation efficiency (nitrite as the main product), 60%-74% NH4 -N removal efficiency, and NO2--N/NH4 -N ratio (concentration ratio) of 1.0-1.4 in the effluent. The impact of temperature was related to iVv at certain DO concentration, and the temperature range of 25-30癈 was suitable for treating high strength ammonium leachate. Ammonium-oxidizing bacteria could be acclimated to higher FA (free ammonium) in the range of 122-224 mg/L. According to the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis result of the bio-film in the reactor, there were 25 kinds of 16S rRNA gene fragments, which indicated that abundant microbial communities existed in the bio-film, although high concentrations of ammonium and FA may inhibit the growth of the nitrite-oxidizing bacteria and other microorganisms in the reactor.     

船舶溢油事故等级评估方法比较

船舶溢油事故等级评估是船舶溢油应急计划研究的重要内容,它受到溢油量、事故发生位置等多种因素的影响,是复杂的多属性分类问题.利用熵值法、关联度法和BP神经网络法3种目前常用的事故等级评估方法,对上海港1984─2003年发生的12起船舶溢油事故进行了危害等级判定,以期探索溢油事故等级合理量化评估技术方法.对比了3种方法在结果一致性、误差精度上的优劣性及实际适用性.结果表明:BP神经网络和关联度法适用性较好,熵值法必须结合专家打分才能得到较好的判定结果;同时BP神经网络法的评估结果一致性比率较高,误差率较低,但存在建模成本高和对噪声较敏感的缺点.      

GIS支持下的小尺度土地驱动力研究--以宜兴市湖滏小流域为例

为了能够建立土地演化的模拟模型，在ARCINFO中的GRID模块的支持下，对宜兴市湖滏小流域的土地驱动力进行了探讨，建立了以像元为单位的属性数据库，并随机选取了600个样点。分析则采用了LOGISTIC模型，探讨了社会经济因子与土地类型转移概率间的关系，揭示了任意两个土地类型相互转换的驱动力及整个地区的土地变化驱动力。最后讨论了该模型模拟预测时的局限性，说明其不是合适的模拟模型，而仅是分析土地驱动力较好工具。这种分析是进一步用概率方式逐个模拟地块(patch)演化的基础，因而具有一定的现实意义。     

HAZOP分析技术改进研究

通过HAZOP分析技术研究,提出针对性的3方面改进措施:开发HAZOP偏差专家库,并在开发的辅助分析软件中进行自动关联提示,弥补分析成员经验不足;基于专业化的计划安排与分工控制分析过程,提高分析工作效率;简化分析范围,并借助偏差库的帮助简化重复工作。对开展HAZOP分析的时间给出了具体建议。最后,以改进的技术方案为基础,针对某装置HAZOP分析过程为例,与改进前HAZOP分析过程进行了对比。     

核电厂运行人员可靠性研究中若干问题的分析

对已有人因可靠性分析模型进行归纳总结,结合核电厂运行人员可靠性研究实际,对人因分类、人因建模、数据采样及人因数据库完善等方面存在的问题进行分析,并提出可能的解决办法或研究方向:在人因分类方式上,要加强因素之间的细化程度,以降低评价的模糊性;在人因量化方面,要重点考虑其所依赖的HRA模型、数学依据、结果精确度等3个方面的影响;对待数据采集的问题,规范性数据采集平台的构建是确保数据一致性的关键措施,并有利于不同HRA模型之间接口相容性问题的解决;人因数据库管理系统的智能决策功能是研发设计的趋势。     

铜陵有色金属(集团)公司工伤死亡事故统计分析系统数据库的建立、维护及管理

建立工伤死亡事故统计分析数据库,可利用计算机对大量的伤亡事故的原始数据进行处理,得出不同要求的统计分析结果,从中找出伤亡事故发生的一些规律,为今后的安全生产提出应该重视的问题,为采取预防措施提供依据。     

Methodological approach of coastal areas concerning typology and spatial indicators, in the context of integrated management and environmental assessment

The general objective of this paper is to trigger off the development of a more comprehensive approach to Hellenic coastal areas (in the perspective of territorial cohesion), at local level and especially along the non-urban areas close to the sea. Methodological issues linked to the building of an appropriate coastal database constitute the key goal of this paper (the space and time scale, the relationship to the already proposed set of indicators, the impact of driving forces and policies, the possible sources of data and their feasibility etc.). Furthermore, specific emphasis should be given to the choice of new indicators, particularly for the coastal abiotic environment and the land cover/uses along coastal areas, especially near the seafront. Those indicators should be able to aid the formation (in the near future) of an algorithm linked to the total man-made activities in coastal areas. In conclusion, this paper will be considered successful if the just above illustrated objectives could enrich the argument about the typology of coastal areas and the development of a spatial (coastal) observatory. Actually, this paper is part of a broader research of the author regarding the monitoring of coastal spatial changes in different scales (AMICA, “Appraisal of man-made interventions along the Hellenic coastal areas”). This research aims to broaden the coastal knowledge (not only by means of coastal data) on behalf of all stakeholders been implicated into sustainable spatial planning, integrated coastal management and the strategic environmental assessment along coastal areas.