Extinction rate of discovered and undiscovered plants in Singapore

Extinction is a key issue in the assessment of global biodiversity. However, many extinction rate measures do not account for species that went extinct before they could be discovered. The highly developed island city–state of Singapore has one of the best-documented tropical floras in the world. This allowed us to estimate the total rate of floristic extinctions in Singapore since 1822 after accounting for sampling effort and crypto extinctions by collating herbaria records. Our database comprised 34,224 specimens from 2076 native species, of which 464 species (22%) were considered nationally extinct. We assumed that undiscovered species had the same annual per-species extinction rates as discovered species and that no undiscovered species remained extant. With classical and Bayesian algorithms, we estimated that 304 (95% confidence interval, 213–414) and 412 (95% credible interval, 313–534) additional species went extinct before they could be discovered, respectively; corresponding total extinction rate estimates were 32% and 35% (range 30–38%). We detected violations of our 2 assumptions that could cause our extinction estimates, particularly the absolute numbers, to be biased downward. Thus, our estimates should be treated as lower bounds. Our results illustrate the possible magnitudes of plant extirpations that can be expected in the tropics as development continues.     

论中性水体pH值与温度的定量关系

本文从热力学角度导出中性水体ｐＨ值与温度的函数关系。又根据实验数据，用数学回归的方法确定了二者的函数关系式。     

四川人地关系日趋紧张的原因及对策

本文分四个阶段分析了四川人地关系的变化情况及人地关系的现状；以量化的方式重点分析了四川人地关系变化的原因；简要分析了人地关系的变化给农业生产所带来的影响；针对人地关系变化的主要原因,提出了缓解人地矛盾的对策。本文的重点是对四川人地关系变化原因,尤其是近期人地关系变化原因的分析,其目的是让人们认识近期四川人地关系变化的主要原因,以对症下药,采取有效的措施,缓解四川的人地矛盾。     

Genotoxicity of substituted nitrobenzenes and the quantitative structure-activity relationship

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部分氮杂环类化合物的遗传毒性及其QSAR研究

本文利用蚕豆细胞微核试验评价了１０种氮杂环类化合物的遗传毒性，一化合物的最低未占据轨道能Ｅｌｕｍｏ、分子的量负的原子净电荷ｑ建立了较好的相关方程：ＭＮ＝－２．９６（１．１４）＋４．９３（０．４８）Ｅｌｕｍｏ＋１３．６８（２．７２）ｑ＾－Ｒ＾２＝０．９４ ＳＥ＝０．７１ Ｆ＝５３．９２ Ｐ〈０．０００５推测此类化合物的至于致毒机制可能是它们作为电荷给予体和氢键予体作用于生物受体而引起的突变。     

蔬菜土壤微生物种群数量与土壤重金属含量的关系

对呈贡县蔬菜土壤微生物种群数量和土壤重金属质量分数进行大田调查分析，结果表明，土壤微生物种群数量和微生物多样性指数变化较大，土壤微生物种群数量总体水平较高，但微生物多样性指数偏低，其中以细菌占较大的优势；土壤重金属对土壤微生物数量和微生物多样性均有一定的影响，其中土壤中Pb和Cu的质量分数与土壤微生物种群数量显著相关；土壤重金属综合污染指数与真菌／细菌个数比例、真菌／放线菌个数比例与微生物多样性指数均呈显著的指数相关。随着重金属综合污染指数的增加，微生物多样性指数呈指数式地迅速下降。     

定量结构──活性相关研究进展

ＱＳＡＲ方法用于预测环境中化学品的归宿及其毒性与日骤增，本文着重研究ＱＳＡＲ方法在不同领域中的进展和成就，不仅论述了我们关心的ＱＳＡＲ文献进展本身，而且还讨论了它的基础部分。精选ＱＳＡＲ模式在生态毒理学中的应用以及物理化学性质的估算等，     

安宁河流域稻米生化品质的气候关系模型

利用粳稻品种“合系39”在安宁河流域无控制的地理分期播种试验稻米,在实验室进行稻米生化品质的化验分析;采用统计分析方法,研究了气候生态因子与稻米生化品质的定量关系,找出影响稻米生化品质各组分的关键时期,建立综合关系模型.研究结果表明: 1)气候生态条件对生化品质不同组分影响的关键因子和关键时期不同,一些组分的关键期在齐穗前,一些在齐穗后,一些则从齐穗前持续到齐穗后; 2)温度是影响稻米生化品质含量的主要气候因素,蛋白质、氨基酸和直链淀粉含量与关键期的温度呈直线负相关,支链淀粉含量与关键期的温度呈抛物线关系; 3)温度日较差、日照时数与蛋白质、氨基酸、直链淀粉呈负相关,与支链淀粉呈正相关. 图4表2参10     

The Effect of Fragment Shape and Species' Sensitivity to Habitat Edges on Animal Population Size

Abstract:  Habitat fragmentation causes extinction of local animal populations by decreasing the amount of viable "core" habitat area and increasing edge effects. It is widely accepted that larger fragments make better nature reserves because core-dwelling species have a larger amount of suitable habitat. Nevertheless, fragments in real landscapes have complex, irregular shapes. We modeled the population sizes of species that have a representative range of preferences for or aversions to habitat edges at five spatial scales (within 10, 32, 100, 320, and 1000 m of an edge) in a nation-wide analysis of forest remnants in New Zealand. We hypothesized that the irregular shapes of fragments in real landscapes should generate statistically significant correlations between population density and fragment area, purely as a "geometric" effect of varying species responses to the distribution of edge habitat. Irregularly shaped fragments consistently reduced the population size of core-dwelling species by 10–100%, depending on the scale over which species responded to habitat edges. Moreover, core populations within individual fragments were spatially discontinuous, containing multiple, disjunct populations that inhabited small spatial areas and had reduced population size. The geometric effect was highly nonlinear and depended on the range of fragment sizes sampled and the scale at which species responded to habitat edges. Fragment shape played a strong role in determining population size in fragmented landscapes; thus, habitat restoration efforts may be more effective if they focus on connecting disjunct cores rather than isolated fragments.     

Evaluating Effects of Habitat Loss and Land-Use Continuity on Ant Species Richness in Seminatural Grassland Remnants

Abstract:  Seminatural grasslands in Europe are susceptible to habitat destruction and fragmentation that result in negative effects on biodiversity because of increased isolation and area effects on extinction rate. However, even small habitat patches of seminatural grasslands might be of value for conservation and restoration of species richness in a landscape with a long history of management, which has been argued to lead to high species richness. We tested whether ant communities have been negatively affected by habitat loss and increased isolation of seminatural grasslands during the twentieth century. We examined species richness and community composition in seminatural grasslands of different size in a mosaic landscape in Central Sweden. Grasslands managed continuously over centuries harbored species-rich and ecologically diverse ant communities. Grassland remnant size had no effect on ant species richness. Small grassland remnants did not harbor a nested subset of the ant species of larger habitats. Community composition of ants was mainly affected by habitat conditions. Our results suggest that the abandonment of traditional land use and the encroachment of trees, rather than the effects of fragmentation, are important for species composition in seminatural grasslands. Our results highlight the importance of considering land-use continuity and dispersal ability of the focal organisms when examining the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on biodiversity. Landscape history should be considered in conservation programs focusing on effects of land-use change.