A hybrid method for inverse characterization of subsurface contaminant flux

The methods presented in this work provide a potential tool for characterizing contaminant source zones in terms of mass flux. The problem was conceptualized by considering contaminant transport through a vertical "flux plane" located between a source zone and a downgradient region where contaminant concentrations were measured. The goal was to develop a robust method capable of providing a statement of the magnitude and uncertainty associated with estimated contaminant mass flux values. In order to estimate the magnitude and transverse spatial distribution of mass flux through a plane, the problem was considered in an optimization framework. Two numerical optimization techniques were applied, simulated annealing (SA) and minimum relative entropy (MRE). The capabilities of the flux plane model and the numerical solution techniques were evaluated using data from a numerically generated test problem and a nonreactive tracer experiment performed in a three-dimensional aquifer model. Results demonstrate that SA is more robust and converges more quickly than MRE. However, SA is not capable of providing an estimate of the uncertainty associated with the simulated flux values. In contrast, MRE is not as robust as SA, but once in the neighborhood of the optimal solution, it is quite effective as a tool for inferring mass flux probability density functions, expected flux values, and confidence limits. A hybrid (SA-MRE) solution technique was developed in order to take advantage of the robust solution capabilities of SA and the uncertainty estimation capabilities of MRE. The coupled technique provided probability density functions and confidence intervals that would not have been available from an independent SA algorithm and they were obtained more efficiently than if provided by an independent MRE algorithm.     

Extensions to minimum relative entropy inversion for noisy data

Minimum relative entropy (MRE) and Tikhonov regularization (TR) were compared by Neupauer et al. [Water Resour. Res. 36 (2000) 2469] on the basis of an example plume source reconstruction problem originally proposed by Skaggs and Kabala [Water Resour. Res. 30 (1994) 71] and a boxcar-like function. Although Neupauer et al. [Water Resour. Res. 36 (2000) 2469] were careful in their conclusions to note the basis of these comparisons, we show that TR does not perform well on problems in which delta-like sources are convolved with diffuse-groundwater contamination response functions, particularly in the presence of noise. We also show that it is relatively easy to estimate an appropriate value for epsilon, the hyperparameter needed in the minimum relative entropy solution for the inverse problem in the presence of noise. This can be estimated in a variety of ways, including estimation from the data themselves, analysis of data residuals, and a rigorous approach using the real cepstrum and the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). Regardless of the approach chosen, for the sample problem reported herein, excellent resolution of multiple delta-like spikes is produced from MRE from noisy, diffuse data. The usefulness of MRE for noisy inverse problems has been demonstrated.     

等离子体发生区工作时发射特定光谱的研究

介绍了2种不同等离子体发生区和不同测量距离对等离子体发生区沿面蓝光中紫外光的波长和相对光强的影响,所测的臭氧发生量大的等离子体发生区的紫外光的相对光强高,测量距离与相对光强呈指数关系,并且等离子体发生区沿面蓝光具有光催化作用.     

成都冬季一次持续污染过程气象成因及气溶胶垂直结构和演变特征

基于气溶胶激光雷达观测和环境监测站污染物浓度数据、气象观测资料及HYSPLIT后向轨迹模式,分析了2017年12月中下旬,成都市一次本地积累和沙尘输送影响的持续污染过程中污染物浓度、污染物来源、天气系统和气溶胶消光系数的垂直分布及演变.结果表明:①此次污染过程持续时间长,根据气象条件和主要污染物种类,分为本地污染累积、北方沙尘输送和混合影响3个阶段.②本地污染积累阶段,消光系数垂直分布不均匀,受湿度、太阳辐照与逆温层等气象因子的影响,垂直结构变化较大.消光系数最大值多出现在250 m附近,此阶段退偏比数值很小.③沙尘影响阶段,消光系数较前期明显下降,高值区位于250 m及2 km处.退偏比显示沙尘粒子于29日午后开始逐渐抵达成都市2 km高空,并于夜间达到峰值.退偏比相较本地污染累积阶段明显增大,各时段退偏比结构类似,近地面数值略低于高空.④混合影响阶段,消光系数强度小幅回升,退偏比显示有部分沙尘粒子漂浮在1～2 km高度上.     

基于CESM-EnSRF系统全球甲烷及臭氧卫星资料同化试验研究

臭氧(O3)与甲烷(CH4)均是大气中重要的微量气体,对全球气候变化有着重要的影响.为提高全球范围的臭氧、甲烷在气候模式中的预报效果,使用集合平方根滤波(En SRF)同化方法及地球系统模式(CESM)构建了CESM-En SRF卫星资料同化预报系统,并通过设计试验,将大气红外探测器(AIRS)的臭氧与甲烷观测资料同化到气候模式中,对模式的同化再预报效果进行系统的测试与评估.结果显示,臭氧、甲烷分析集合均值的偏差及均方根误差皆低于背景集合均值的偏差及均方根误差.臭氧、甲烷的同化再预报偏差及均方根误差较控制实验都得到改善,但对5 h Pa以上高度臭氧预报准确性的改进效果很小.随循环同化的进行,平流层臭氧与甲烷的平均同化改进率呈增加趋势,并逐渐趋于稳定;对流层平均同化改进率随时间变化不明显.试验表明,该系统可有效利用臭氧与甲烷的观测资料对模式场进行合理的改善,从而有效地提高臭氧、甲烷在气候模式中的再预报效果,但对于平流层顶-中间层高度(5 h Pa以上)臭氧预报准确度的提高,模式中臭氧光化学过程的准确模拟较同化观测资料具有更重要的作用.此外,循环同化对提高5~150 h Pa高度臭氧及1~200 h Pa高度甲烷在CESM模式中的预报效果最有效.     

应用HSE观察促进管理改进

介绍了中国石化HSE观察的应用背景与目的,重点探讨了对HSE观察问题的处理与分析,及其对管理的促进。     

Fate and transport of the β-adrenergic agonist ractopamine hydrochloride in soil–water systems

The feed additive ractopamine hydrochloride was fortified at four concentrations into batch vials containing soils that differed in both biological activity and organic matter(OM).Sampling of the liquid layer for 14 days demonstrated that ractopamine rapidly dissipated from the liquid layer. Less than 20% of the fortified dose remained in the liquid layer after 4 hr,and recoveries of dosed ractopamine ranged from 8 to 18% in the liquid layer at 336 hr. Sorption to soil was the major fate for ractopamine in soil:water systems, i.e., 42%–51% of the dose at14 days. The major portion of the sorbed fraction was comprised of non-extractables; a smaller fraction of the sorbed dose was extracted into water and acetone, portions which would be potentially mobile in the environment. Partitioning coefficients for all soils suggested strong sorption of ractopamine to soil which is governed by hydrophobic interactions and cation exchange complexes within the soil OM. Ractopamine degradation was observed, but to mostly non-polar compounds which had a higher potential than ractopamine to sorb to soil. The formation of volatiles was also suggested. Therefore, despite rapid and extensive soil sorption,these studies indicated a portion of ractopamine, present in manures used to fertilize soils,may be mobile in the environment via water-borne events.     

北京市PM_(2.5)二次水溶性无机离子变化特征

利用在线高分辨率仪器对2013年和2014年北京市SO2-4、NO-3和NH+4(SNA)浓度进行连续观测。结果表明:NO-3浓度在夜间较高,下午较低;SO2-4浓度在后半夜至早晨较低,从上午至前半夜整体呈上升趋势;NH+4浓度日变化曲线相对平缓,在整个白天时段较低,夜间时段较高。硫氧化率(SOR)夏季最高,冬季最低;氮氧化率(NOR)季节变化相对较小。2014年整体ρ(NO-3)/ρ(SO2-4)比值明显高于2013年,表明北京市的排放源中以机动车为代表的移动源的贡献明显增大。     

溴氯海因的爆炸性、氧化性及腐蚀性试验观察

为了解溴氯海因的爆炸、氧化及腐蚀危险性,进行了克南试验、时间/压力试验、固体氧化性试验及腐蚀性试验。结果表明,溴氯海因只具有氧化性和腐蚀性,不具有爆炸性。     

乌鲁木齐市相对资源承载力与可持续发展问题研究

文章采用相对资源承载力的研究思路和计算方法,以全国和新疆作为参照区域,分别计算了1996年-2008年时段内的各年乌鲁木齐市自然资源、经济资源的相对承载力和综合承载力,同时分析了它们的动态变化过程。研究结果表明,1996年以来乌鲁木齐市的相对自然资源(土地资源和水资源)承载力始终处于超载状态,相对经济资源承载力始终呈富余状态,并且继续攀升。1996年-2004年综合资源承载力处于富余阶段,2004年之后始终处于超载。经济资源对于综合资源承载力的贡献远远大于土地资源和水资源承载力的贡献,经济资源占绝对优势。土地资源的紧缺和水资源的缺乏将成为乌鲁木齐市社会经济可持续发展的重要限制因素,因此,实现人口、资源、环境与经济的相互协调,提高土地资源和水资源承载力以及转变经济增长模式、保持绿色GDP的增长是保证乌鲁木齐市可持续发展的最关键问题。