湖北省60年代以来平均气温变化趋势初探

计算了湖北省７２个气象台年,季,月平均气温在１９６１－１９９５年间的气候倾向率,分析其时空分布特征发现：１）全省大部春季,秋季,年的ｂ值小,夏屯,冬季的ｂ值;２）冬季或１２－２、４月的ｂ值多为正,夏季或３、６－８月的ｂ值为多负,且有一定显著程度;３）夏季变凉冬季变暖,春季前后的变化大,秋季前后变化小;（４）升温中心多在江汉平原和鄂东南,降温中心多在鄂西山区尤其是鄂西北;５）大、中城市的相对热岛效应     

广东省环境经济系统的物质流分析

运用物质流分析(MFA)方法.对广东省经济系统在1990～2005年间的物质输入与输出进行系统地分析,探讨了广东省经济发展与环境压力的关系.研究结果表明:①在不考虑水的情况下.物质输入与输出量均在不断增加(年均分别为4.50%和3.87%),但均小于GDP的增长速度(14.62%),二者成正比,物质消耗强度和物质输出强度也在逐渐上升,说明区域社会经济的发展带动了人们物质消费的增长,从而导致输出的增加;②水输入输出量以及废水排放强度均在不断增加,尤其是生活污水排放量及排放强度的增长速度较快,加重了对区域水环境的压力;③单位GDP的物质输入与输出均在不断降低,表明区域资源综合利用效率和废弃物输出效率得到明显提高;④物质输入输出与GDP回归分析表明.区域物质输入与GDP、区域物质输出与GDP呈良好的线性关系;⑤IPAT模型分析表明,区域过程排放(RPO)受到技术水平提高的限制,但由于国民福利与人口增长的压力,使得RPO仍以年均2.67%的速度增长.但远小于GDP的增长速度,表明区域经济和环境处在相对解耦状态,广东省正逐步走向区域环境与经济的协调发展.     

土壤酶对外源有机硒和无机硒的动态响应

通过室内非作物连续培养,研究了不同剂量、不同形态外源硒(亚硒酸钠、硒代蛋氨酸)对土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、中性磷酸酶活性影响的动态变化过程.结果表明,低剂量(10 mg·kg~(-1))无机硒(亚硒酸钠)对土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性有先激活后抑制作用,对土壤中性磷酸酶活性有激活作用.而相同剂量有机硒(硒代蛋氨酸)处理时,3种酶均表现为不同程度的激活状态.高剂量(30 mg·kg~(-1))无机硒(亚硒酸钠)处理时,3种酶活性均表现先激活后抑制,其中对脲酶影响最大,对蔗糖酶影响次之,对中性磷酸酶影响最小.而施入高剂量(30 mg·kg~(-1))有机硒(硒代蛋氨酸)后,对土壤中脲酶、蔗糖酶的激活作用明显大于无机硒的影响,但对磷酸酶的影响不明显.试验充分说明施入不同剂量、不同形态的外源硒,土壤酶活性表现出不同的动态响应,并且有机硒比无机硒更有利于土壤微生物的生长,能提高土壤酶活性,促进N、P、C养分在土壤生态系统的循环.用有机硒替代无机硒作为外源硒源,有望成为未来发展方向.     

Occurrence of and risk posed by highly carcinogenic dibenzo[def,p]chrysene isomers in urban soil

Dibenzopyrene and its isomers are considered the most potent carcinogens of all polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons tested to date. However, despite public concerns over their deleterious effects, they have not been extensively studied. The occurrence of four highly carcinogenic isomers of dibenzopyrene – dibenzo[def,p]chrysene, dibenzo[a,e]pyrene, dibenzo[a,i]pyrene, and dibenzo[a,h]pyrene in urban soil samples from Shanghai, China, have been determined in this study, as well as that of benzo[a]pyrene and coronene. A total of 14 peaks with ions at m/z 302 were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Although the concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene and the sum of the 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were greater than that of dibenzopyrene and its isomers, the carcinogenic potency of the latter was higher than that of benzo[a]pyrene. The results also indicate that the relative carcinogenic potency of the four dibenzopyrene isomers in the samples is higher than that of the 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.     

Biodegradable Corn Starch Loose-Fill. II. The Effect of Storage at Different Relative Humidities on the Physical Properties of Loose-Fill

The physical properties of corn starch loose-fill were examined at various relative humidities (r.h.). After 48 h of storage at both 25 and 50% r.h., only a slight change in the dimension and physical properties of the corn starch loose-fill was apparent. A wet environment (75% r.h. for 48 h), however, caused significant shrinkage and the loss of physical properties. The tensile properties, particularly tensile modulus, sharply increased, while the resilience gradually decreased with storage time. Amorphous X-ray diffraction patterns of corn starch loose-fills were transformed into crystalline patterns due to aging at 75% r.h. after 48 h. These changes were attributed to the structural relaxation, which was accelerated by moisture gain. The T _g of corn starch loose-fill decreased with increasing the moisture content in expanded starch. Our proposed model based on Avrami equation was able to describe the time-dependent recrystallization of corn starch by modifying the time-dependent tensile modulus. The growth parameter (n) and time constant (k) for the recrystallization process of corn starch loose-fill were about 3.2 and 8.87 × 10^–18 s^–1, respectively. If the growth parameter of 3.2 is considered, spherulitic growth of crystallization occurred in the corn starch loose-fill in the wet environment.     

Heterogeneous uptake of NO2 on soils under variable temperature and relative humidity conditions

Heterogeneous reactions of nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) on soils collected from Dalian (S1) and Changsha (S2) were investigated over the relative humidity (RH) range of 5%-80% and temperature range of 278-328 K using a horizontal coated-wall flow tube. The initial uptake coefficients of NO₂ on S2 exhibited a decreasing trend from (10 ± 1.3) × 10^-8 to (3.1 ± 0.5) × 10^-8 with the relative humidity increasing from 5% to 80%. In the temperature effect studies, the initial uptake coefficients of S1 and S2 decreased from (10 ± 1.2) × 10^-8 to (3.8 ± 0.5) × 10^-8 and from (16 ± 2.2) × 10^-8 to (3.8 ± 0.4) × 10^-8 when temperature increased from 278 to 288 K for S1 and from 278 to 308 K for S2, respectively. As the temperature continued to increase, the initial uptake coefficients of S1 and S2 returned to (7.9 ± 1.1) × 10^-8 and (20 ± 3.1) × 10^-8 at 313 and 328 K, respectively. This study shows that relative humidity could influence the uptake kinetics of NO₂ on soil and temperature would impact the heterogeneous chemistry of NO₂.     

普光气田应急指挥系统应急值守功能设计

应急值守作为应急指挥系统重要的组成部分,发挥着无可替代的作用。对普光气田应急指挥系统的应急值守功能进行了详细的介绍,包括日常值班、接警事件处理、预案关联及电话调度、自动录音、多方通话等。     

天津滨海新区生态系统服务评估及空间分级

采用提出的“功能当量”相对评估模型,并以RS和GIS为技术平台对2009年天津滨海新区生态系统服务功能进行评估,采用区域网格化空间表达,对研究区进行分级研究.结果表明,滨海新区生态系统单位面积服务功能当量大小依次为湿地、水体、林地、草地、耕地、裸地;2009年滨海新区生态系统服务功能当量总和为1068680.13,III级以上功能当量的单元格比例为71.22%,总体处于较高水平;通过与价值量法结果对比,得出利用“功能当量”相对评估模型对研究区的评估结果与价值量法的评估结果具有显著相关性,证明该评估模型的可行性和合理性.     

臭氧-曝气生物滤池组合工艺处理石化二级出水的试验研究

采用臭氧-曝气生物滤池组合工艺对石化废水厂二级出水进行深度处理,系统探讨了pH值对臭氧氧化单元的影响,组合工艺对废水中COD、UV254的去除效果,对废水中有机物相对分子质量分布以及荧光物质含量的影响.结果表明,在臭氧投加量为10 mg·L-1,接触时间为4 min,pH值偏碱性时,臭氧预氧化石化二级出水效果较好.臭氧氧化能将大分子有机物转化为小分子物质,使得相对分子质量小于1 000的有机物比例增加约15%,有效提高了废水的可生化性,有利于后续曝气生物滤池的运行.在曝气生物滤池的停留时间为3 h,气水比为3∶1时,组合工艺对COD、UV254的去除率分别达到40.8%和45.8%.在最佳运行条件下,进水平均COD为86.5 mg·L-1时,组合工艺出水平均COD为49.4 mg·L-1.     

大气气溶胶有效折射率的计算及相对湿度对它的影响

为了了解气溶胶折射率对研究大气气溶胶的辐射效应的影响,给出了一种基于气溶胶散射和吸收特性的有效媒介近似方法,以计算大气气溶胶的有效折射率。用此方法计算所得北京冬季气溶胶的有效折射率为１．５６１－０．０５７ｉ,其与实测值相比是比较一致的。