pH值对烧结砖中重金属释放的影响

采用酸消解实验和NEN 7371浸出实验研究了烧结砖中重金属总量和有效释放量,采用pH-dependence实验研究pH对破碎烧结砖样品中重金属(Cr、Ni、As、Cd和Pb)浸出特性的影响,以及烧结砖样品的酸碱缓冲容量。结果表明,烧结砖中重金属的有效释放量低于总量,释放率从大到小依次为CdAsPbNiCr;烧结砖的酸缓冲容量较小,浸出液pH从7.03降到3.64,消耗了29.33 mmol/kg硝酸,碱缓冲容量较大,pH从7.03升到12.40,共消耗256 mmol/kg氢氧化钠溶液,因此在使用烧结砖的过程中要特别注意环境pH;浸提液的酸碱性是影响烧结砖中重金属浸出的重要参数,在实验研究的pH范围内,不同重金属的浸出规律不同。Cr和As的释放受pH影响较小,而Ni和Cd的浸出量随pH的增大而降低,Pb的浸出量在强酸和强碱条件下均较大,当pH在5.59~9.86的范围内浸出量很低。     

消毒剂和溶解氧对管网铁释放影响的中试研究

针对南水北调中线水源地丹江口水库水调入受水区城市后,可能引起管网铁腐蚀产物释放的问题,从北方某受水区城市的实际管网中挖取了原通地下水的3个地点的铸铁管道,在丹江口搭建了中试模拟系统,开展水源切换以及消毒剂和溶解氧对管网铁释放影响的中试研究。结果表明,实验管道管垢较薄且稳定性较差,在水源切换初期有"黄水"现象发生;增加进水硫酸根浓度,管网系统出水总铁浓度和浊度均有所增加;在0.3~3.6 mg/L的范围内改变进水自由氯浓度对实验系统铁释放的影响没有明显的规律;但进水氯胺浓度从1.3 mg/L增加到2.0 mg/L时,YS系统的铁释放有所升高;进水溶解氧浓度从8 mg/L增加到15 mg/L时,实验系统的铁释放都有明显的降低,但再增加到20 mg/L时,铁释放反而有所升高。     

城市内河沉积物硝态氮释放行为的模拟研究

沉积物营养盐的释放已引起相关学者的极大兴趣,对沉积物中硝态氮的释放行为研究还鲜有关注。通过室内模拟研究,考察不同pH、温度、扰动、曝气和光照条件下硝态氮的释放行为。研究结果表明,中性条件下,沉积物硝态氮释放速率最快;温度对硝态氮的释放起着明显的促进作用,随着温度的增加,硝化菌活性增强,硝态氮释放速率明显加快。同时,扰动、曝气和光照对硝态氮的释放也起着一定的促进作用。     

Microwave enhanced advanced oxidation treatment of dairy manure

Abstract

The microwave enhanced advanced oxidation process (MW-AOP) was used to treat dairy manure in a continuous-flow 915?MHz microwave wastewater treatment system. The treatment efficiency increased with an increase in temperature, as well as hydrogen peroxide dosage. The settling property was also improved in all treated sets, regardless of temperature applied. The system operated at temperatures >100?°C had a much higher soluble chemical oxygen demand than at temperatures <100?°C. The highest soluble carbonaceous compounds, orthophosphate and ammonia were obtained at 110?°C and 0.6%H₂O₂ per % of total solids content. The process should be operated at higher temperatures and higher hydrogen peroxide dosages for maximizing solids disintegration, nutrient release and energy efficiency. An energy fingerprint correlating the cumulative energy consumption and temperature rise was developed. The results demonstrated that the custom designed MW-AOP system is suitable for the effective treatment of dairy manure. The system can readily be scaled up and integrated into a dairy farm manure treatment and resource recovery system.     

Controlled release formulations of metribuzin: Release kinetics in water and soil

Controlled release (CR) formulations of metribuzin in Polyvinyl chloride [(PVC) (emulsion)], carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC), and carboxy methyl cellulose-kaolinite composite (CMC-KAO), are reported. Kinetics of its release in water and soil was studied in comparison with the commercial formulation (75 DF). Metribuzin from the commercial formulation became non-detectable after 35 days whereas it attained maxima between 35–49 days and became non-detectable after 63 days in the developed products. Amongst the CR formulations, the release in both water and soil was the fastest in CMC and slowest in PVC. The CMC-KAO composite reduced the rate of release as compared to CMC alone. The diffusion exponent (n value) of metribuzin in water and soil ranged from 0.515 to 0.745 and 0.662 to 1.296, respectively in the various formulations. The release was diffusion controlled with half release time (t_1/2) from different controlled release matrices of 12.98 to 47.63 days in water and 16.90 to 51.79 days in soil. It was 3.25 and 4.66 days, respectively in the commercial formulation. The period of optimum availability of metribuzin in water and soil from controlled released formulations ranged from 15.09 to 31.68 and 17.99 to 34.72 days as against 5.03 and 8.80 days in the commercial formulation.     

温度对活性污泥-生物膜复合工艺中红斑颗体虫爆发性繁殖影响

活性污泥-生物膜复合工艺在春夏之交常发生红斑颗体虫的爆发性繁殖,使系统性能恶化。用烧杯实验模拟活性污泥-生物膜复合工艺,保持填料投配率为30％,分别在不同温度下（20,25,30℃）运行实验装置,待运行稳定后,接种红斑颗体虫,创造条件以观察红斑颗体虫是否发生爆发性繁殖。实验结果发现,红斑颗体虫在25℃和30℃都不同程度产生了爆发性繁殖,最大种群密度分别达到383个／mL和200个／mL,同时,红斑颡体虫的爆发性繁殖不会对进出水的COD和氨氮去除产生影响;在温度25℃和30℃时,红斑颗体虫爆发性繁殖都导致了总氮的释放,红斑颗体虫种群密度分别大于等于66个／mL和50个／mL可分别作为红斑颡体虫在25℃和30℃发生爆发性繁殖的标志;实验也证明了红斑颡体虫的爆发性繁殖不会产生大量啃食生物膜的现象;用SPSS做多元线性回归分析,得出红斑颢体虫的最大种群密度与总氮的释放显著相关。     

聚硅硫酸铝铁抑制底泥磷释放的实验研究

通过室内模拟研究了各因素对聚硅硫酸铝铁（PSAFS）抑制底泥磷释放的影响,并探讨了利用PSAFS抑制底泥磷释放的可行性。研究表明,当Al/Fe摩尔比为4∶6,[Al,Fe]/[Si]摩尔比为1∶1,投加剂量2.5 mL/300 g,pH值为8时,PSAFS抑制底泥磷释放的效果最佳,稳定性最好。结果同时表明,在最佳条件下...     

底泥悬浮对营养盐释放和水华生长影响的模拟

通过室内模拟实验研究了扰动引起的太湖底泥悬浮对水体氮磷营养盐和蓝藻水华的影响,其中底泥和上覆水均来自太湖,扰动强度以悬浮物浓度表示。实验监测了底泥扰动过程中以及扰动停止后48 h之内水体氮磷营养盐和叶绿素a的变化,采样间隔为6 h。实验结果表明,扰动明显增加了水体中总氮、总磷、活性磷等含量,但是可溶性无机氮的增加不明显,叶绿素a含量没有出现明显的增长。水华没有出现明显增长很可能是氮限制的原因。由此推测太湖一次风浪扰动过程引起的底泥营养盐释放不一定就能够加剧蓝藻水华的暴发。底泥中释放的营养盐对蓝藻水华的影响需要进一步研究     

太湖内源释放及营养盐输运研究

从对流-扩散方程出发,通过公式推导,建立了包含底泥污染的水流-水质模型,对模型进行了率定和验证后,应用于太湖.该模型将湖泊水相和内源悬移相污染作为一个整体,结合污染物在悬移泥沙上的各种迁移过程,研究了太湖总氮、总磷内源释放的分布和数量,过程中考虑了悬移泥沙的各种影响因素,得到了较理想的模拟结果,当风速≤3.5 m/s时,冲刷和悬移造成的内源污染物释放量较小,内源污染物释放主要通过泥-水界面的静态释放;当风速>3.5 m/s时,冲刷和悬移造成的内源污染物释放量随风速增加迅速增大.通过计算得出2001年太湖内源释放的总氮为3.0万t,总磷为0.8万t.     

赤泥在控制沉积物磷释放中的应用研究

利用烧结法赤泥中富含Ca、Fe等金属元素的氧化物而具有吸附性的特点,通过室内模拟研究赤泥投加对沉积物中各种磷形态含量及分布比例的影响,进而探讨利用赤泥控制沉积物中磷释放的可行性。对经过处理后的沉积物磷形态分析后表明,投加赤泥能促使沉积物中铁铝磷向钙磷转化（Pearson相关分析,r=-0.892,P<0.01,n=9）,且赤泥的强碱性使沉积物pH值逐渐升高。确定了赤泥最佳投加比例为5%,此时沉积物的pH为9.03,铁铝磷含量由初始的148 mg/kg降至107 mg/kg,占总磷比例也由18.1%降至13.4%,钙磷含量由486 mg/kg升至546 mg/kg,其占总磷比例则由60%增至68.7%,铁铝磷和钙磷之间的转化已基本完成,继续增加赤泥投加量对沉积物中磷形态间的相互转化影响甚微。由于铁铝磷较钙磷活性高而易释放,可见投加赤泥能降低沉积物中磷的释放风险。赤泥可以作为吸附材料被应用于沉积物磷污染控制技术中,为有效控制水体内源磷负荷提供一种新思路和廉价材料。