赤泥在控制沉积物磷释放中的应用研究

利用烧结法赤泥中富含Ca、Fe等金属元素的氧化物而具有吸附性的特点,通过室内模拟研究赤泥投加对沉积物中各种磷形态含量及分布比例的影响,进而探讨利用赤泥控制沉积物中磷释放的可行性。对经过处理后的沉积物磷形态分析后表明,投加赤泥能促使沉积物中铁铝磷向钙磷转化（Pearson相关分析,r=-0.892,P<0.01,n=9）,且赤泥的强碱性使沉积物pH值逐渐升高。确定了赤泥最佳投加比例为5%,此时沉积物的pH为9.03,铁铝磷含量由初始的148 mg/kg降至107 mg/kg,占总磷比例也由18.1%降至13.4%,钙磷含量由486 mg/kg升至546 mg/kg,其占总磷比例则由60%增至68.7%,铁铝磷和钙磷之间的转化已基本完成,继续增加赤泥投加量对沉积物中磷形态间的相互转化影响甚微。由于铁铝磷较钙磷活性高而易释放,可见投加赤泥能降低沉积物中磷的释放风险。赤泥可以作为吸附材料被应用于沉积物磷污染控制技术中,为有效控制水体内源磷负荷提供一种新思路和廉价材料。     

太湖内源释放及营养盐输运研究

从对流-扩散方程出发,通过公式推导,建立了包含底泥污染的水流-水质模型,对模型进行了率定和验证后,应用于太湖.该模型将湖泊水相和内源悬移相污染作为一个整体,结合污染物在悬移泥沙上的各种迁移过程,研究了太湖总氮、总磷内源释放的分布和数量,过程中考虑了悬移泥沙的各种影响因素,得到了较理想的模拟结果,当风速≤3.5 m/s时,冲刷和悬移造成的内源污染物释放量较小,内源污染物释放主要通过泥-水界面的静态释放;当风速>3.5 m/s时,冲刷和悬移造成的内源污染物释放量随风速增加迅速增大.通过计算得出2001年太湖内源释放的总氮为3.0万t,总磷为0.8万t.     

重庆天原化工总厂“4．16”事故人员疏散调查研究

本文选择2004年4月16日重庆天原化工总厂发生的氯气泄漏爆炸事故,运用问卷和访谈对当时的人员疏散情况进行了现场调查,运用SPSS软件对问卷调查结果进行分析,发现疏散人员事先的中毒或疏散经历有助于缩短疏散准备时间,而心理顾虑对疏散准备有不利影响。基于调查分析结果,提出可以通过选择合适的通知主体与通知方式,合理利用疏散人员的从众心理,开展疏散演习和宣传教育活动,消除疏散人员的心理顾虑等措施提高疏散行动效率;并认为此次事故中的部分人员不疏散、不选择政府设立的避难所作为疏散目的地、疏散时喜好选择最熟悉的路径、疏散中途返家以及疏散过程中以步行方式撤离为主等现象值得今后开展区域疏散分析时注意。     

聚硅硫酸铝铁抑制底泥磷释放的实验研究

通过室内模拟研究了各因素对聚硅硫酸铝铁（PSAFS）抑制底泥磷释放的影响,并探讨了利用PSAFS抑制底泥磷释放的可行性。研究表明,当Al/Fe摩尔比为4∶6,[Al,Fe]/[Si]摩尔比为1∶1,投加剂量2.5 mL/300 g,pH值为8时,PSAFS抑制底泥磷释放的效果最佳,稳定性最好。结果同时表明,在最佳条件下...     

底泥悬浮对营养盐释放和水华生长影响的模拟

通过室内模拟实验研究了扰动引起的太湖底泥悬浮对水体氮磷营养盐和蓝藻水华的影响,其中底泥和上覆水均来自太湖,扰动强度以悬浮物浓度表示。实验监测了底泥扰动过程中以及扰动停止后48 h之内水体氮磷营养盐和叶绿素a的变化,采样间隔为6 h。实验结果表明,扰动明显增加了水体中总氮、总磷、活性磷等含量,但是可溶性无机氮的增加不明显,叶绿素a含量没有出现明显的增长。水华没有出现明显增长很可能是氮限制的原因。由此推测太湖一次风浪扰动过程引起的底泥营养盐释放不一定就能够加剧蓝藻水华的暴发。底泥中释放的营养盐对蓝藻水华的影响需要进一步研究     

Model-based evaluation of controlled-release systems in the remediation of dissolved plumes in groundwater

Controlled-release, semi-passive reactive barrier systems have been recently developed as a long-term treatment option for controlling the spread of contaminant plumes in groundwater. This paper describes a new computer code, and applies it to study coupled processes of solute release, reaction, and mass transport in an in situ remediation scheme using the controlled release of potassium permanganate. Confidence with the modeling approach was developed by model verifications and simulating results of a pilot-scale test-cell experiment. Sensitivity analyses indicated the possibilities of treatment inefficiencies due to inability of transverse dispersion to mix the permanganate (MnO(4)(-)) within the zone of reaction, fluctuations in source strength due to variations in flow velocity, and the small length of treatment zone due to strong soil utilization of MnO(4)(-). Although problems associated with the fluctuating source strength and strong soil utilization can be addressed by optimizing the release rate, the inefficiency of transverse dispersion to create mixing could pose a serious limitation. Through a series of model simulations, a system of injection/withdrawal wells in a doublet arrangement was developed to facilitate lateral spreading and mixing of MnO(4)(-). A well-mixed, stable MnO(4)(-) zone with predetermined size (DxL=8m x 2m) and concentration ranges (1.5-20 mg l(-1)) was created by four 1-day injection/withdrawal pumping periods over 24 d. This type of mixing zone may persist for many years with periodic well mixing and replacements of exhausted controlled-release forms. Coupled use of the generalized code with field hydrologic data will help to optimize the design and operation of controlled-release systems in practice.     

东南亚珠芽魔芋多苗接力生长特性及应用前景

以珠芽魔芋人工诱导开花进行规模化无性育种,可将魔芋繁殖系数从1位数提高约330倍;采用催苗技术让种子及叶面球茎提早出苗,可显著延长魔芋生长周期,使魔芋种植周期由3年缩短为1年;魔芋种子1年生长最高膨大率超过5000倍,当年即形成1180g球茎;魔芋叶面球茎最大膨大率超过100倍,两者种植一季魔芋即可用于加工.突破了魔芋繁殖系数低、膨大率低导致种植周期长的双重困局,显著降低了病害风险,大幅度缩短了魔芋种植周期,从而突破魔芋传统种植区域的地理限制,使魔芋总产量超常规增长.     

水喷淋下大空间建筑烟气输运的数值模拟研究

大空间建筑由于其功能、结构上的特殊性,使得现有的消防规范不能满足其防火要求,特别是针对大空间建筑的防排烟设计就更为不适用。性能化设计方法是目前防火领域最先进的技术,水喷淋系统作为大空间建筑原有的消防设施其对火灾烟气输运的影响,已作为一项重要的性能参考指标。笔者从数值模拟的角度出发,利用流体动力学软件FDS,研究有无喷淋情况下火源功率能量传递及羽流烟气的输运过程。通过对两种火灾场景下火羽流温度、地面传导热通量及辐射热通量的对比分析,探讨了火羽流流场分布形式,为大空间建筑的防排烟设计提供有力参考。     

Incorporating the 2007 recommendations of the International Commission on Radiation Protection into the J-value analysis of nuclear safety systems

The newly released findings by the International Commission on Radiation Protection (ICRP) led to a review of the lifetime risk coefficients for fatal cancer used in J-value analysis of nuclear safety systems. The change in life expectancy a safety system brings about by averting a radiation exposure needs to be estimated in order to calculate the safety system's J-value, and this is done following the ICRP's practice of using risk coefficients that are uniform across both genders and all ages in the defined population group (either workers or the general population). The ICRP predicted uniformly lower radiation risks in 2007 than in 1990 on a like-for-like basis, but it was found that the ICRP's new risk coefficients needed to be multiplied by a compensating factor specific to each population when used in calculating the radiation-induced change in life expectancy. Incorporating the new compensating factor leads to a decrease in the J-value calculated of about 5% for workers and 15% for the general population compared with earlier, reported results. These adjustments are not large compared with the uncertainties associated with radiation harm and the economics of installing a safety system, but will strengthen slightly the case for spending on a nuclear safety measure.     

转基因生物环境释放风险评估的原则和一般模式

风险评估是转基因生物环境释放依法管理的一项重要内容 ,也是生物安全研究的核心内容之一。本文在分析和比较国内外有关转基因生物风险评估方法的基础上 ,结合作者近年来对转基因生物风险评估的专题研究 ,对转基因生物环境释放风险评估的基本原则和一般模式进行了全面的描述。这种模式一般包括危险识别、风险估算和风险评价 3个连续过程 ,并可分解为 7个具体步骤