基于RS和GIS的生态环境状况时空变化研究--以河南省为例

生态环境状况评价是资源合理利用、制定社会经济发展规划及生态环境保护对策的重要依据。现以河南省行政区为研究区域,基于遥感影像、水资源及环境统计数据,采用生态环境状况指数(EI)和空间格局分析方法,综合对比分析河南省2014—2018年生态环境状况时空变化及其冷热点空间分布。研究结果表明:(1)2014—2018年河南省EI值变化范围为60.6~63.5,生态环境状况整体呈现稳中趋好态势,除开封市和济源市外,16个省辖市的EI值均有所增加,位于西部山区丘陵地带的三门峡、洛阳和平顶山市EI值增加明显。(2)2014—2018年河南省生态环境的G*i指数的高值区域位于西部地区的三门峡市和洛阳市,且5年内没有发生变化,较为稳定。G*i指数的高、低值区域与EI值的高值和低值区表现出较高的一致性。     

震害预测中建筑物属性信息提取方法研究

在编制城市抗震防灾规划工作中,如何得到规划区大量的建筑物的普查资料一直是一个重要的课题。就此,本文提出了一种基于RS技术通过首先旋转高分辨率遥感图像而后搜寻建筑物阴影区有效分割线段来实现大范围建筑物层数信息提取的新方法,并结合高分辨率遥感影像数据和实际建筑物层数信息对提取结果进行分析。结果表明计算模型正确,普适性较强,算法过程简单,所得结果精度满足城市震害预测基础信息的要求,有较大实用价值。     

Spatial analysis of resources and environmental carrying capacity in Iran

Urbanization and mass movement of the population from rural areas and small cities to megacities have led to environmental, economic, and social problems in Iran. In dealing with these challenges, assessing resource and environmental carrying capacity (RECC) is considered an effective method to leverage space and capital to achieve sustainable development. This study aimed to rank the provincial RECC in Iran. Toward this purpose, environmental indices were generated from remotely sensed and statistical census data. Then, the provinces were scored in terms of environmental, economic, and infrastructural carrying capacities, and RECC using the mean variance analysis method. Results demonstrated that in most areas, there is no relationship between economic and infrastructural capacities and development. Statistically, a correlation coefficient of −0.53 between economic and environmental carrying capacities indicated excessive use of environmental capacities. Moreover, the spatial distribution pattern of environmental, economic, and infrastructural carrying capacity was entirely heterogeneous between the provinces; there was a northeast–southwest pattern in terms of infrastructural capacity and an economic pattern from north to south. The distribution pattern of RECC is most consistent with the environmental capacity, pointing at the high weight of the indicators of the RECC model. In conclusion, this research offers a new vision for policymakers and provides a theoretical and applicable framework for implementing sustainable strategies in land-use planning. It is recommended that the RECC concept and tools can be used not only for planning but also for measuring the efficiency of spatial development programs and establishing land balances in the region.     

A remote sensing tool for near real-time monitoring of harmful algal blooms and turbidity in reservoirs

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) diminish the utility of reservoirs for drinking water supply, irrigation, recreation, and ecosystem service provision. HABs decrease water quality and are a significant health concern in surface water bodies. Near real-time monitoring of HABs in reservoirs and small water bodies is essential to understand the dynamics of turbidity and HAB formation. This study uses satellite imagery to remotely sense chlorophyll-a concentrations (chl-a), phycocyanin concentrations, and turbidity in two reservoirs, the Grand Lake O′ the Cherokees and Hudson Reservoir, OK, USA, to develop a tool for near real-time monitoring of HABs. Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 imagery from 2013 to 2017 and from 2015 to 2020 were used to train and test three different models that include multiple regression, support vector regression (SVR), and random forest regression (RFR). Performance was assessed by comparing the three models to estimate chl-a, phycocyanin, and turbidity. The results showed that RFR achieved the best performance, with R² values of 0.75, 0.82, and 0.79 for chl-a, turbidity, and phycocyanin, while multiple regression had R² values of 0.29, 0.51, and 0.46 and SVR had R² values of 0.58, 0.62, and 0.61 on the testing datasets, respectively. This paper examines the potential of the developed open-source satellite remote sensing tool for monitoring reservoirs in Oklahoma to assess spatial and temporal variations in surface water quality.     

话语视角下旅游目的地形象的社会建构--以杭州市为例

从话语视角出发,运用建构主义分析方法分析了杭州市旅游目的地的社会建构,指出杭州旅游发展历经了“政治话语下的风景疗休养城市”、“市场话语下的天堂城市”和“市民话语下的品质生活城市”3个时段。结果发现:叙事要素从西湖的“局部视角”扩散到社会的“全景敞视”;建构方式由“去生活化”转变为“日常生活的回归”;驱动机制经“旅游外交”、“市场产业化”发展到“增长联盟”。由此,旅游目的地形象建构从外延式的营销招徕转向内涵式的身份认同,突出“杭儿风”的形象特质和生活美学。     

基于近地多光谱和OLI影像的黄河三角洲冬小麦种植区盐分估算及遥感反演——以山东省垦利县和无棣县为例

黄河三角洲是我国重要的后备土地资源区,而土壤盐渍化对该区的农业生产影响巨大,因此,及时获取该区农作物种植区土壤盐分含量及其分布具有重要意义。论文利用ADC便携式多光谱相机和EC110便携式盐分计,采集该区近地多光谱相片和土壤表层含盐量数据,结合两期遥感影像提取黄河三角洲冬小麦种植区面积分布,构建基于近地多光谱植被指数的土壤含盐量估算模型,进而将模型拟合反演到黄河三角洲OLI影像,得到黄河三角洲冬小麦种植区土壤盐分含量空间分布图,对麦区土壤盐分状况进行了分析。结果显示,土壤含盐量最佳估算模型为以SAVI为因变量的线性模型（Y=-0.754x+0.870,n=80）,估测R²为0.747,精度达到81.44%;研究区冬小麦分布由西南部内陆至东北部沿海呈明显递减的空间趋势;麦田土壤盐分含量主要集中在1.5~3.0 g/kg之间,占种植总面积的76.90%,而含盐大于3.0 g/kg的麦田占14.09%,宜采取针对性栽培管理措施。该研究探索了基于近地多光谱数据和OLI影像的土壤含盐量估算方法,为黄河三角洲麦田管理和土壤盐分含量估算提供了快速有效的技术手段。     

燃气加热炉火焰视频监控系统设计

为了持续监测燃气工业加热炉燃烧状况,保障锅炉运行安全,根据燃气火焰的特点,利用数字图像处理技术,设计了相应的燃气加热炉火焰视频监控系统。通过图像预处理、火焰特征提取、火焰特征分析三个步骤,可实现对炉膛火焰燃烧状态进行实时判定,包括火焰燃烧或熄灭、燃烧是否充分、是否稳定。仿真实验结果表明,该系统能准确地从监控视频中检测和识别火焰燃烧状态,并能将燃烧特征量和特征分析结果存储到数据库以供事后查询。     

结合遥感影像的矿山开采沉陷专题信息三维表达

煤矿井下开采引发地表沉陷是一种严重影响生命财产和生产安全的工程形变灾害 ,其形变信息有效表达和精准制图可大大减少矿区变形控制的成本,为矿山安全生产、 保护煤柱留设、塌陷地治理、压煤村庄搬迁、破坏等级判定与损害补偿评估等方面提供 更可靠的技术保障。基于矿山地图、实时卫星遥感影像与开采沉陷变形预计结果等数据 ,采用GIS空间分析和三维可视化技术,对淮北朔里矿区地表移动与变形的下沉（W）、 水平移动（U）、水平变形（ε）、倾斜（i）和曲率（K）等形变类型进行了三维的专 题信息与应用表达,其专题信息能更加直观有效地表达与准确清晰描述开采沉陷的地理 位置、影响范围、受损害地物类型、形变方向与变形量大小等。     

2014年河北中南部两次重霾天气成因分析

利用河北省环保局环境监测站提供的污染物浓度数据及常规气象观测数据、NCEP再分析资料,结合HYSPLIT4.9后向轨迹模式,对2014年10月上旬发生在河北省的2次大范围的重霾天气特征和成因进行综合分析.结果表明,这2次重污染天气过程PM_2.5地面浓度最大值出现在邢台,为507μg/m³,水平能见度不足1km.均压场的分布和较为平稳的高空形势为2次霾天气提供了有利的气象背景.高湿,静小风以及较低的混合层高度不利于污染物扩散,是导致这两次重污染天气持续的主要原因.结合卫星火点及污染物来源分析表明,河北南部及周边省份的秸秆燃烧加重了第2次过程的污染,污染气团的输送对区域性重霾天气产生重要影响.     

The development of aquaculture on the northern coast of Manila Bay (Philippines): an analysis of long-term land-use changes and their causes

This study documents the event chronology and causes of land-use change in a deltaic region of the Philippines since the beginnings of aquaculture in the late nineteenth century. Satellite images and topographic maps spanning the period 1972–2013 were processed to map fishponds and the natural habitats over which they have encroached. Historical archives were consulted and interviews were conducted to understand the historical exploitation of local natural resources and the reasons behind the recorded land changes. Results showed that aquaculture developed in the late nineteenth century and expanded subsequently across the landscape under a succession of forcing factors. The global market, for example, played an early role but a number of land-use changes were also a direct response to changing environmental constraints and natural hazards. These cumulative events have promoted continuous gain in favor of aquaculture, to the detriment of other land-use options.