广东省下庄和南雄铀矿区周围大气环境氡浓度调查

对广东省下庄和南雄两个铀矿区的大气氡环境地球化学进行了研究．矿区废渣和坑道口释放出来的氡气对周围大气形成了氡污染,特别是在矿区周围1～2km范围内的污染严重．但是空气中的氡污染随着离矿区的距离增大而迅速减弱．矿区周围居民室内氡的浓度高,是广东省室内氡浓度平均值的7～8倍左右．在进行调查的29个居室中,有9个（31％）居室内氡浓度超过美国环境保护局制定的0.15Bq/L室内氡浓度的上限值．居室中氡浓度的升高,除了受矿区释放出来的氡污染外,还因为本地区属高本底辐射区,房基下的土壤、岩石和建筑材料中的铀、镭等放射性元素的含量高,其放射性衰变产生的氡释放出来进入室内．     

模拟含铀废液的除铀方法与效果

受天然铀矿物形成条件的启发,通过改变含铀废液的物理化学条件,即能在含铀废液中形成较稳定沥青铀矿或者其他沉淀物,实现除铀目的。这种除铀方法被定义为沥青铀矿结晶法。在不同的物理化学条件下采用此方法处理了含铀废液,其结果表明,升高温度、降低Eh,除铀速度加快,除铀效率提高,其中,在物理化学条件为T=85℃、p H=3、Eh=+61.1 m V时,铀元素以沥青铀矿的形式从溶液中析出,除铀率高达99.6%,效果良好。     

Solid state speciation and potential bioavailability of depleted uranium particles from Kosovo and Kuwait

A combination of synchrotron radiation based X-ray microscopic techniques (μ-XRF, μ-XANES, μ-XRD) applied on single depleted uranium (DU) particles and semi-bulk leaching experiments has been employed to link the potential bioavailability of DU particles to site-specific particle characteristics. The oxidation states and crystallographic forms of U in DU particles have been determined for individual particles isolated from selected samples collected at different sites in Kosovo and Kuwait that were contaminated by DU ammunition during the 1999 Balkan conflict and the 1991 Gulf war. Furthermore, small soil or sand samples heavily contaminated with DU particles were subjected to simulated gastrointestinal fluid (0.16 M HCl) extractions. Characteristics of DU particles in Kosovo soils collected in 2000 and in Kuwait soils collected in 2002 varied significantly depending on the release scenario and to some extent on weathering conditions. Oxidized U (+6) was determined in large, fragile and bright yellow DU particles released during fire at a DU ammunition storage facility and crystalline phases such as schoepite (UO₃·2.25H₂O), dehydrated schoepite (UO₃·0.75H₂O) and metaschoepite (UO₃·2.0H₂O) were identified. As expected, these DU particles were rapidly dissolved in 0.16 M HCl (84 ± 3% extracted after 2 h) indicating a high degree of potential mobility and bioavailability. In contrast, the 2 h extraction of samples contaminated with DU particles originating either from corrosion of unspent DU penetrators or from impacted DU ammunition appeared to be much slower (20–30%) as uranium was less oxidized (+4 to +6). Crystalline phases such as UO₂, UC and metallic U or U–Ti alloy were determined in impacted DU particles from Kosovo and Kuwait, while the UO_2,34 phase, only determined in particles from Kosovo, could reflect a more corrosive environment. Although the results are based on a limited number of DU particles, they indicate that the structure and extractability of DU particles released from similar sources (metallic U penetrators) will depend on the release scenarios (fire, impact) and to some extent environmental conditions. However, most of the DU particles (73–96%) in all investigated samples were dissolved in 0.16 M HCl after one week indicating that a majority of the DU material is bioaccessible.     

聚苯乙烯磺酰肼基二硫代甲酸盐树脂的制备及其除卤效果初探

由卤代次甲基化合物标样分别民对甲苯代磺酸钾、对甲苯亚磺酸钠及对甲苯磺酰在二硫代甲酸进行反应,发现化合物３与标样反应最快,因此,通过三步反频将该基因接枝到聚苯乙烯白球上,     

粉煤灰吸附铀的影响因素探讨

为探讨粉煤灰对铀的吸附特性,考察pH、吸附时间、铀溶液浓度对吸附能力的影响,测定了吸附等温线和吸附动力学。结果表明:其吸附等温线符合Freundlich和Langmuir吸附模型,pH值是影响铀去除率的主要因素,吸附铀的最佳pH=5,铀初始浓度越高,粉煤灰的吸附量越高。实验可为地下水复原特别是采用粉煤灰渗透反应墙修复受放射性污染的地下水提供设计依据。     

共存离子对地浸废水中铀生物沉淀过程的影响

采用硫酸盐还原菌生物(还原)沉淀法消除地浸废水中的放射性铀污染,研究了共污染离子Cu(II)、Zn(II)、Fe(III)和SO42-分别对铀生物沉淀过程的影响。序批式实验结果表明,初始Cu(II)浓度低于10mg/L或Zn(II)浓度低于20mg/L时对铀生物沉淀过程影响不大,当Cu(II)浓度超过15mg/L或Zn(II)浓度超过25mg/L时,该过程会因重金属的生物毒性作用受到完全抑制。在含有Fe(III)的氧化环境中,铀生物沉淀过程与Fe(III)还原过程同时进行,但铀沉淀速度相对减慢。初始SO42-浓度低于4000mg/L时对铀生物沉淀过程影响很小,超过5000mg/L时会产生明显的抑制作用,且抑制作用随着SO42-浓度的上升而加强。     

CA固定化亚硝化细菌氨氮去除能力的实验研究

采用纳氏试剂分光光度法,在不同温度、pH值、葡萄糖浓度和锰离子浓度条件下,观察游离亚硝化细菌和CA固定的亚硝化细菌对亚硝化菌培养液中氨氮的去除效果。结果表明,CA固定的亚硝化细菌比游离亚硝化细菌有较强的氨氮去除能力,并且其氨氮去除能力还表现出一定的抗高温、抗酸、抗葡萄糖干扰和抗锰离子毒害的作用。     

乌江流域石灰土中铀等元素形态与铀活性

以中国西南乌江流域石灰土为例,运用逐级提取(Sequential Extraction,SEE)技术,并结合化学成分和相关参数数据,研究了石灰土中铀(U)等元素的形态,并在此基础上探讨了石灰土中U的活动性及释放潜力,旨在增进对U等元素生物地球化学循环的了解,同时也为流域U污染防治提供科学依据。研究结果表明：①石灰土中Mn主要存在于锰(氢)氧化物中,Ca主要存在于碳酸盐和硅酸盐矿物中,P主要存在于硅酸盐矿物和有机质中,U主要赋存于硅酸盐等残留部分中,其次赋存于有机质结合部分和碳酸盐矿物中;②石灰土剖面中活动态U所占的比例为10%~30%,平均17%,说明石灰土中的部分U在酸性和氧化-还原界面等条件下具有一定的迁移活性,即在上述条件下,石灰土中的部分U可释放进入周围水体或植物中;③石灰土中U的潜在释放量为036~150 g/t,平均U潜在释放量为076 g/t,因此,在酸雨和侵蚀等作用下,石灰土U释放可显著提高乌江河水U通量。     

颗粒层过滤技术国内外研究现状及进展

主要对颗粒层过滤除尘的过滤机理以及国内外移动床颗粒过滤器的高温除尘技术情况进行了综述,介绍了颗粒层过滤效率和系统压力降的计算方法,并对今后颗粒层过滤技术的发展提出了一些建议.     

SYNTHESIS OF DATA FROM STUDIES BY THE NATIONAL IRRIGATION WATER-QUALITY PROGRAM1

ABSTRACT: From 1986 to 1993, the National Irrigation Water-Quality Program (NIWQP) of the U.S. Department of the Interior studied whether contamination was induced by irrigation drainage in 26 areas of the Western United States. In 1992, a study to evaluate and synthesize data collected during these 26 investigations began. Selenium, boron, and molybdenum are the trace elements and DDT the pesticide most commonly found in surface water at concentrations exceeding chronic criteria for the protection of aquatic life. In six of the areas, the median selenium concentration exceeded the criterion. Aquatic-life criteria have not been developed for uranium, but the median uranium concentration exceeded the proposed Maximum Contaminant Level for drinking water in seven areas. A principal components analysis indicates that severity of selenium contamination is not related to the severity of contamination by boron, molybdenum, and arsenic. Arsenic, boron, molybdenum, and selenium concentrations are nearly the same in both filtered and unfiltered samples, which indicates that contaminant concentrations in filtered samples can be directly compared with biological-effects data developed using unfiltered samples. At a given site, selenium concentrations in surface water can change by an order of magnitude during the course of a year and from one year to another.