药物及个人护理品的污染现状、分析技术及生态毒性研究进展

随着医药及洗化行业的快速发展,PPCPs（pharmaceuticals and personal care products,药物及个人护理品）的生产和使用量增长迅速,已经成为自然环境中具有潜在生态风险的一类新型污染物.由于PPCPs在环境中浓度低、检测难度大、生态风险具有潜伏性,高灵敏度的定量检测方法已成为研究的热点.比较了文献中常用的不同预处理方法〔液液萃取（liquid liquid extraction,LLE）、固相萃取（solid phase extraction,SPE）、固相微萃取（solid phase micro extraction,SPME）、超声波溶剂萃取（ultrasonic solvent extraction,USE）、加压液相萃取（pressurized liquid extraction,PLE）、微波辅助溶剂萃取（microwave assisted solvent extraction,MASE）〕和检测方法〔GC/MS（气相色谱-质谱）、GC/MS/MS（气相色谱-双质谱）、HPLC/MS（高效液相色谱-质谱）、HPLC/MS/MS（高效液相色谱-双质谱）〕对地表水、沉积物、饮用水等不同介质中PPCPs检出限和检出浓度的异同,发现水样预处理常采用固相萃取法,其具有高回收和富集倍数、消耗有机溶剂少、省时等优点;固相样品预处理常采用超声溶剂萃取,其具有操作简单、适用性广等优点;HPLC/MS/MS检测方法具有广泛适用性,可检测大多数PPCPs,并且操作简单、灵敏度高.PPCPs会在水生生物体富集,并会表现出抑制酶活性、蛋白质及核酸合成、干扰藻类生长、影响动物活动等毒性效应.建议未来应加强环境中超低浓度PPCPs定量、定性分析技术的研发与应用,同时加强其环境风险研究,为揭示PPCPs的环境归趋行为提供技术支持.      

Euro Chlor Risk Assessment for the Marine Environment Osparcom Region: North Sea - Trichloroethylene

This risk assessment on trichloroethylene (TRI) was carried out specifically for the marine environment, according to the methodology laid down in the EU risk assessment Regulation (1488/94) and the Guidance Document of the EU New and Existing Substances Regulation (TGD, 1997). The study consists of the collection and evaluation of data on effects and environmental concentrations from analytical monitoring programs in large rivers and estuaries in the North Sea area. The risk is indicated by the ratio of the "predicted environmental concentrations" (PEC) and the "predicted no effect concentrations" (PNEC) for the marine aquatic environment. In total, 19 studies for fish, 30 studies for invertebrates and 14 studies for algae have been evaluated. Both acute and chronic toxicity studies have been taken into account and the appropriate assessment factors have been used to define a PNEC value of 150 µg/l. Most of the available monitoring data apply to rivers and estuaries and were used to calculate PECs. The most recent data (1991-1995) support a typical PEC of 0.1 µg TRI/l water and a worst case PEC of 3.5 µg TRI/l water. The calculated PEC/PNEC ratios give a safety margin of 40 to 1,500 between the predicted no effect concentration and the exposure concentration. Additional evaluation of environmental fate and bioaccumulation characteristics showed that no concern for food chain accumulation is expected.     

O3/UV降解喹啉过程中的毒性变化

利用发光细菌新鲜菌悬液进行毒性测试，研究了O3／UV降解喹啉过程中的毒性变化．研究表明，在选取的浓度范围内，无论是HgCl2还是喹啉，发光细菌发光抑制率(或相对发光量)与物质浓度的对数均呈线性关系．采用处于对数生长期初期的发光细菌进行毒性测试时的灵敏度和最低检测限都很理想，适合于毒性测试．O3／UV降解喹啉时，体系毒性出现先迅速上升并保持一段时间随后缓慢下降然后又缓慢上升的现象．O3／UV降解喹啉过程中产生了毒性更强的中间产物，这些产物是导致体系毒性上升的主要因素。     

钒对水稻生长的影响--溶液培养研究

通过水培试验 ,研究钒对水稻的毒害及钒与磷相互作用的影响 .试验结果表明 ,低浓度钒对水稻生长没有显著影响 ,但是随着钒浓度的不断增加 ,对水稻的干物质重量和根系生长均不利 .如钒浓度为 1 2 8mg·l- 1 时 ,水稻茎叶和根系的干重分别比不施钒的对照减少 49 9%和 5 5 1 % ,钒浓度愈高植株干重愈少 ,根系生长不良 ,表现出明显的钒中毒症状 .水稻茎叶及根系中磷的含量与钒的含量均呈极显著的负相关关系 .随着溶液中钒浓度的增加 ,水稻茎叶及根系吸收的钒量逐渐增加 ,而吸收的磷量却呈下降趋势 ,说明水稻钒毒害可抑制其对磷的吸收     

双酚A对斑马鱼不同发育阶段的毒性及机理

对双酚A(BPA)暴露下的斑马鱼胚胎、仔鱼和成鱼三个发育阶段进行对比研究,并从代谢和DNA损伤两个角度对其致毒机理进行初步探讨.结果显示: 斑马鱼成鱼24h的LC50(8.00-10.00mg·l-1)比胚胎(16.4±0.40mg·l-1)低,表明斑马鱼成鱼更适用于急性毒性试验,而胚胎更能体现出亚急性效应和遗传效应;在5.00mg·l-1 的BPA中连续暴露48h后,胚胎和成鱼体内的BPA含量分别为373.57±39.76μg·g-1和155.78±17.97μg·g-1,即胚胎在5.00mg·l-1 BPA溶液中的蓄积能力大约是成鱼的两倍; DNA断裂检测表明BPA对斑马鱼胚胎的DNA造成了一定程度的损伤.     

钴在土壤和植物系统中的迁移转化行为及其毒性

钴是人与动植物必需的微量元素,但土壤环境中过量的钴可通过土壤-粮食/蔬菜-人与动物等途径进入人体或动植物体内,对其产生危害,因此有必要了解土壤中钴的含量,应该将钴纳入必须检测与掌控的指标。然而,我国目前对于土壤中钴的含量却没有一个明确的评价体系,致使无法有效地对土壤中钴的含量进行评价和管控,从而给土壤以及人和动植物的健康都带来一定的风险。本文通过整理近20多年的国内外文献资料,综述了钴的特点、应用、形态、含量、毒性、评估方法,指出了现行对土壤中钴污染风险评估体系中存在的问题,并提出了今后的研究方向。     

Changes in the cuticular hydrocarbons of incipient reproductives correlate with triggering of worker policing in the bulldog ant Myrmecia gulosa

In social insects, conflicts over male parentage can be resolved by worker policing. However, the evolution of policing behavior is constrained by the ability of individuals to identify reproductive nestmates, or their eggs. We investigated the occurrence of worker policing and its underlying chemical communication in the bulldog ant Myrmecia gulosa. Although workers have functional ovaries and can lay male-destined eggs, they do not reproduce in queenright colonies. To determine if their sterility is a consequence of worker policing, we experimentally induced worker reproduction in the presence of a queen. Some individuals were seized and immobilized by nestmates, and sometimes killed as a consequence. Although the ovarian development of immobilized individuals was variable, their cuticular hydrocarbon profiles were intermediate between reproductive and nonreproductive workers, indicating they were in the process of starting to reproduce. Approximately 29% of these incipient reproductive workers were successfully policed. To test for policing on eggs, we transferred viable worker eggs to queenright colonies and monitored their acceptance. Furthermore, we compared the surface hydrocarbons of the different types of eggs to determine whether these chemicals could be involved in egg recognition. We found that although there were differences in hydrocarbon profiles and discrimination between queen and worker-laid eggs, viable eggs were not destroyed. Our results strongly support the idea that cuticular hydrocarbons are involved in the policing of reproductive workers. A low level of worker policing appears sufficient to select for self-restraint in workers when few fitness benefits are gained by selfish reproduction. Policing of eggs may thus be unnecessary.     

含硫苯衍生物对发光细菌的毒性效应及其定量结构活性相关分析

利用发光细菌法测定了29种氯取代和硝基取代的苯硫(砜、亚砜)基乙酸酯的毒性,通过定量结构活性相关(QSAR)分析发现:此类化合物的毒性主要与其取代基的电荷效应相关,电荷的区域分布对化合物的毒性效应有重要影响.推测该化台物的毒性机理是毒物分子与发光反应中的主要辅酶FMNH_2形成了氢键.还发现:在这类链状毒物分子中,远离活性中心一端的基团具有脱毒作用.     

土壤—植物系统中的镉研究进展

镉是土壤-植物系统中毒性最强的重金属之一，由镉产生的环境污染问题也日趋严重。近20年来，世界各国对镉在土壤-植物系统中的形态、转化、分布和毒害机理等都进行了广泛深入的研究本文对这些研究取得的成果和存在的分歧进行了综合评述，并提出对镉污染土壤进行综合治理的措施．     

Toxicity attenuation of olive mill wastewater in soil slurries

Olive mill wastewaters are toxic for plants and microbes due to their high polyphenol content. We studied the effect of agricultural soil as a natural catalyst to promote polyphenol oxidation and polymerization, and in turn detoxify olive mill wastewaters. We show that model polyphenols are fully converted in soil slurries. Their products show no toxicity to the growth of a typical soil bacterium, Bacillus cereus, and reduced phytotoxicity in germination tests with English cress seeds. Those findings are promising for the sustainable treatment of olive wastewater in aerated soil slurries.