Trade-offs and synergies in joint knowledge creation for coastal management: insights from ecology-oriented sand nourishment in the Netherlands

In order to successfully inform environmental management, environmental research needs to balance legitimacy, credibility, and salience. This paper aims to identify trade-offs and synergies between these three attributes in collaborative research for environmental management, and draws lessons for organizing such research. Empirically, it draws on a study of a research program on the ecological effects of coastal protection through sand nourishment. Our findings suggest that the legitimacy and salience of knowledge creation, particularly in an interactive governance context, are complementary. At the same time, we found trade-offs between practical relevance and fundamental knowledge creation, as well as between issue diversity and the depth and quality of scientific inquiry. Balancing the legitimacy, credibility, and salience of knowledge may be enabled by interactive knowledge creation involving policy-makers, experts and stakeholders. We conclude that successful management-oriented environmental research, particularly in the case of wicked problems, requires both a careful design of arrangements for stakeholder engagement, and well- established linkages to broader regulatory and institutional contexts.     

Feasibility of using high‐resolution satellite imagery to assess vertebrate wildlife populations

Although remote sensing has been used for >40 years to learn about Earth, use of very high‐resolution satellite imagery (VHR) (<1‐m resolution) has become more widespread over the past decade for studying wildlife. As image resolution increases, there is a need to understand the capabilities and limitations of this exciting new path in wildlife research. We reviewed studies that used VHR to examine remote populations of wildlife. We then determined characteristics of the landscape and the life history of species that made the studies amenable to use of satellite imagery and developed a list of criteria necessary for appropriate use of VHR in wildlife research. From 14 representative articles, we determined 3 primary criteria that must be met for a system and species to be appropriately studied with VHR: open landscape, target organism's color contrasts with the landscape, and target organism is of detectable size. Habitat association, temporal exclusivity, coloniality, landscape differentiation, and ground truthing increase the utility of VHR for wildlife research. There is an immediate need for VHR imagery in conservation research, particularly in remote areas of developing countries, where research can be difficult. For wildlife researchers interested in but unfamiliar with remote sensing resources and tools, understanding capabilities and current limitations of VHR imagery is critical to its use as a conservation and wildlife research tool.     

Contributions of paraecologists and parataxonomists to research,conservation, and social development

Citizen science has been gaining momentum in the United States and Europe, where citizens are literate and often interested in science. However, in developing countries, which have a dire need for environmental data, such programs are slow to emerge, despite the large and untapped human resources in close proximity to areas of high biodiversity and poorly known floras and faunas. Thus, we propose that the parataxonomist and paraecologist approach, which originates from citizen‐based science, is well suited to rural areas in developing countries. Being a paraecologist or a parataxonomist is a vocation and entails full‐time employment underpinned by extensive training, whereas citizen science involves the temporary engagement of volunteers. Both approaches have their merits depending on the context and objectives of the research. We examined 4 ongoing paraecologist or parataxonomist programs in Costa Rica, India, Papua New Guinea, and southern Africa and compared their origins, long‐term objectives, implementation strategies, activities, key challenges, achievements, and implications for resident communities. The programs supported ongoing research on biodiversity assessment, monitoring, and management, and participants engaged in non‐academic capacity development in these fields. The programs in Southern Africa related to specific projects, whereas the programs in Costa Rica, India, and Papua New Guinea were designed for the long term, provided sufficient funding was available. The main focus of the paraecologists’ and parataxonomists’ activities ranged from collection and processing of specimens (Costa Rica and Papua New Guinea) or of socioeconomic and natural science data (India and Southern Africa) to communication between scientists and residents (India and Southern Africa). As members of both the local land user and research communities, paraecologists and parataxonomists can greatly improve the flow of biodiversity information to all users, from local stakeholders to international academia.     

彝良县角奎镇塘房村环境综合整治措施研究

以彝良县角奎镇塘房村为例，对农村环境综合整治方案中相关环保措施的选择和优化进行了分析和探讨。     

城市居民低碳消费行为的研究

21世纪充满着挑战，当世界上还有许多国家需要解决基本的生存问题之时，又要面对过去因单一的经济利益驱动而过度开发带来的环境问题、温室效应问题、资源危机问题等，人类要继续发展下去，就必须面对并尽可能解决这些问题。就解决温室效应问题而引出的低碳消费话题进行了一次调查问卷。调研获得的相关数据的结论，有助于南京市政府职能部门采取相应政策和措施，这样就可以引导南京市居民树立低碳消费理念，使南京市居民实施低碳消费行为。     

欠发达地区生态旅游开发研究

欠发达地区面临着资源短缺、生态退化、经济贫困的三重压力,其问题的核心是没有根据当地的资源找出适合的发展道路;本文通过分析欠发达地区生态系统,找出欠发达地区生态系统脆弱性和生态资源分布的耦合性,并提出了欠发达地区开展生态旅游的具体措施和途径。     

Social capital accumulation and the role of the researcher: An example of a transdisciplinary visioning process for the future of agriculture in Europe

Transdisciplinarity is a demanding paradigm, considered by many in the literature as the way to move forward in terms of science and policy integration. In this paper we present the example of a tailored transdisciplinary (TD) process to tackle a key topic of European policy – the future of agriculture at the regional level. This phased process was followed in seven regions across Europe and involved the co-construction of future visions, engaging both researchers and a range of relevant stakeholders. This paper presents results based on a critical reflection made by researchers and stakeholders in Portugal and Scotland, throughout the participatory process. These results provide insights into the roles and responsibilities of researchers and stakeholders in TD processes. One main conclusion is that accumulated social capital can be essential to initiate and maintain a TD process, and requires a commitment between the research community and the surrounding society. Our analysis demonstrates the challenges of implementing a TD process within the temporal frame/boundaries of a research project and the added value of having transdisciplinarity as part of the long term strategy of a research group, not just one part of a specific project. Not acknowledging this may lead to disappointment and fatigue amongst those connecting with researchers. We also found that researchers position themselves differently in a TD process depending on their soft skills, experience and knowledge about transdisciplinarity; hence we call attention to the need to work more explicitly with these skills in the research environment and to present this concept in an early stage of researcher training, if better transdisciplinarity is to be achieved.     

厨房油烟污染净化技术应用探讨

分析了厨房油烟污染物来源、组成及危害,介绍了运用物理法、化学法、生物法、矿物法及复合法净化油烟污染物的应用情况,提出复合净化是油烟净化的发展方向。     

区域尺度绿洲稳定性评价

论文在区域尺度上,探讨了绿洲稳定性的内涵,并以新疆三工河流域绿洲为例,从绿洲所处的地理位置、绿洲与外围荒漠和山地系统之间的相互作用等方面评价了绿洲的区域稳定性。结果表明:①冲洪积扇型绿洲稳定性最高,其次是位于地下水溢出带下方的冲积平原型绿洲,稳定性最差的是湖滨三角洲或散流干三角洲上发育的绿洲;②绿洲的冷岛效应和植被指数可较好地表征绿洲与外围荒漠和山地系统之间的相互作用和评价绿洲的区域稳定性的时间变化。绿洲规模的扩大及绿洲水分和植被的增加将加强绿洲的冷岛效应,提高绿洲的稳定性;归一化差异植被指数增加,表明绿洲内植被覆盖密度增大和植物生物量提高,绿洲的稳定性增强。     

沿海生态旅游资源评价指标及尺度研究——以江苏沿海为例

旅游资源评价是生态旅游研究的主要内容之一,尺度选取和指标建立是评价的关键。从生态旅游的角度出发,筛选体现沿海湿地类型、生态环境、旅游期望值、海洋文化以及开发程度等项目的一系列指标,综合构建沿海生态旅游资源评价指标体系。运用景观生态学理论,文章提出了沿海生态旅游资源(景观)评价的时空尺度、自然人文理性尺度以及数理统计尺度。在此基础上,运用层次分析法对江苏沿海生态旅游资源的吸引力、开发潜力和综合价值进行定性和定量评价,并探讨了发展江苏沿海生态旅游的策略。