PRA和GIS在小尺度土地利用变化研究中的应用

论文借助PRA,结合实地测量和GIS,以宁夏南部山区的上黄村为例对小尺度区域的土地利用变化进行了初步研究。重建和恢复了其25年来各时期的土地利用过程,绘制了上黄试区不同时期的土地利用空间变化图,并对其土地利用的数量及空间变化进行了分析。结果表明:在研究期内,从数量上看,耕地和林地变化最为显著,年变化率分别达到了8.0%和9.2%;从空间分布变化来看,主要表现为耕地向林地、草地及园地转变。     

水污染源总量控制方法研究

以济南市的水污染源为基础,从排污量、废水组成、产污环节、污染物种类等方面对水污染源进行调查与分析,建立了水污染源各要素的多级递阶结构评价体系,采用层次分析法基础上的模糊评判法筛选出22家代表性企业,并对其连续等比例加密监测,研究浓度-时间、排水量-时间和排污负荷-时间之间的变化关系,得出水污染源排放的浓度主导型、水量主导型、混合型、生活污水型4种排污规律,为水污染源实行浓度控制和总量控制双轨制管理、实施污染物总量监测提供技术支持.      

深床过滤机理及其在水处理中的应用研究与进展

深床过滤既有过滤功能,又具生物处理作用,具有良好的应用前景;本文阐述了深床过滤的最新研究动向,深床过滤过程的数学模型的构建方法,国内外利用深床过滤技术处理微污染水源水、城市生活污水及污水深度处理的实验研究状况。     

膨胀颗粒污泥床处理玉米酒精糟液的生产性试验

通过高温膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)处理玉米酒精糟液的生产性试验研究,证明EGSB处理玉米酒精糟液能够取得很好的处理效果.反应器运行2个月即形成颗粒污泥,成功地实现了反应器的快速启动;启动后反应器运行稳定,COD负荷可达到29kg/(m³·d),去除率在90%以上.本研究不仅解决了废水处理的实际问题,而且带来了显著的经济效益和社会效益.     

关于大型商贸市场消防安全设计的探讨

借鉴国内外消防安全设计成功经验,跟踪国际火灾科学研究,探求一种适用于大型商贸市场的消防安全设计。以具体实例为对象,详细分析了该类建筑的建筑特点及火灾的危险性,采用了非常规性的消防安全设计理念,以满足大型商贸市场的现代化经营方式及消防安全的需要,其阐述和讨论结果可为进一步进行消防安全设计提供参考。     

建筑安全管理研究的现状与展望

在世界大多数国家,建筑业是重要的国民经济生产行业,但是由于建筑业的特殊性,其安全和健康状况一直不能令人满意,并且严重制约了建筑业劳动生产率和产品质量的提高,影响了建筑业的声誉和可持续发展。本对国内外建筑安全管理领域的最新研究成果进行了综述和总结,并在此基础上提出了今后需要重点研究和关注的课题。     

道路危险货物运输企业安全性评价研究

在分析道路危险货物运输企业安全性评价特点的基础上,结合相关评价指标体系,引入李克特量表法构建安全性评价量表,并基于物元分析理论进行道路危险货物运输企业安全性评价。最后对四川省5家道路危险货物运输企业进行实例分析,结果表明,该评价模型较传统评价方法可更准确地给出安全性等级评价结果,并能够较完整地反映企业安全管理的综合水平。     

Gemstone mining as a development cluster: A study of Brazil’s emerald mines

For many centuries, emeralds have bejeweled the rich and famous all over the world. Emeralds have also made many millionaires overnight, sometimes by chance, as in some of the cases reported in this study. On the other hand, even though emerald mining has brought some economic benefits, many of these have remained at the top of the production chain. In many cases mining activities have caused a number of negative social and environmental impacts locally. Working conditions in small mines are very poor in general: with bad ventilation, high temperatures, long working hours, lack of safety, informal working contracts and no health or life insurance. Environmental impacts can be significant, such as widespread deforestation, erosion of abandoned mines, and soil and water pollution in streams. The economic and social public benefits can be minimal. Even when taxes on gem mining are relatively low, much of the mining local activity is informal and the high value-added formal activities take place outside the mining regions. This study aims to understand the dynamics of emerald mining and its impact on local development using the concept of clusters. The research analyzes three case studies in Brazil: Campos Verdes/Santa Terezinha (Goias state), Nova Era/Itabira (Minas Gerais state) and Carnaiba/Campo Formoso (Bahia state). Emerald mining regions attract many migrants, increasing the demand for public services (infrastructure, health, education, etc.), but local governments are unable to provide for them because the activity produces little tax revenue. In the end, there is a growing mismatch between demand and supply of public services, leading to a series of social and environmental problems. However, working with the concept of cluster can help to shed light on policies to improve the local benefits of gem mining, by organizing the miners and their supporting organizations to allow investments that bring long term benefits locally.     

Multispecies and Multiscale Conservation Planning: Setting Quantitative Targets for Red‐Listed Lichens on Ancient Oaks

Abstract: Species occurrence in a habitat patch depends on local habitat and the amount of that habitat in the wider landscape. We used predictions from empirical landscape studies to set quantitative conservation criteria and targets in a multispecies and multiscale conservation planning effort. We used regression analyses to compare species richness and occurrence of five red‐listed lichens on 50 ancient oaks (Quercus robur; 120–140 cm in diameter) with the density of ancient oaks in circles of varying radius from each individual oak. Species richness and the occurrence of three of the five species were best explained by increasing density of oaks within 0.5 km; one species was best explained by the density of oaks within 2 km, and another was best predicted by the density of oaks within 5 km. The minimum numbers of ancient oaks required for “successful conservation” was defined as the number of oaks required to obtain a predicted local occurrence of 50% for all species included or a predicted local occurrence of 80% for all species included. These numbers of oaks were calculated for two relevant landscape scales (1 km² and 13 km²) that corresponded to various species responses, in such a way that calculations also accounted for local number of oaks. Ten and seven of the 50 ancient oaks surveyed were situated in landscapes that already fulfilled criteria for successful conservation when the 50% and 80% criteria, respectively, were used to define the level of successful conservation. For cost‐efficient conservation, oak stands in the landscapes most suitable for successful conservation should be prioritized for conservation and management (e.g., grazing and planting of new oaks) at the expense of oak stands situated elsewhere.     

Public Investment and Environmental Sustainability of Agricultural Production in China

Abstract

The excessive application of fertilizer and pesticides in grain production in China has posed a threat to the environmental sustainability of agricultural production. One of the major reasons of the increasing usage of chemical inputs by farmers is their trying to reach higher yields, especially In absence of adequate public inputs, such as development and extension of appropriate technology and necessary production infrastructure, etc. Based on the crop-specific data of the past 20 years, this paper examines how the public Investments in agricultural researches could impact on the reduction of farmers' private material inputs of major grain crops in China. It manifests that the increased investments in public sector, especially in agricultural researches, is a favorable and effective way to reduce farmers' private material inputs and should be given a priority consideration in the policy emendation to increase yields and improve production sustainability.