张家口市洋河、桑干河流域水环境健康风险评价

张家口市洋河、桑干河流域近几年来水质持续改善,为逐步恢复流域水质和下游官厅水库饮用水备用水源功能提供了条件.文章利用水环境健康风险评价模型,选取了2006年该流域水质监测数据,对流域内10个监测断面由饮水途径引起的水环境健康风险进行了评价.结果表明,该流域水体对人体健康危害最大的是化学致癌物Cr(VI),在各个监测断面中Cr(VI)的个人年风险均超过ICRP推荐的标准.同时,化学致癌物对人体健康危害的个人年风险超过非致癌物的个人年风险;因此对该流域水体的含化学致癌物Cr(VI)和As废水进行控制和治理是降低水环境健康风险的有效途径.     

官厅水库浮游植物功能群季节演替及其驱动因子

官厅水库是北京市重要的水源地,其生态环境问题一直深受社会关注。以浮游植物功能群调查为基础,于2010年春夏秋三季对官厅水库进行生态调查,根据水库水环境特征,在永1000、妫1018+1、河口3个不同生境区域设置采样点,进行浮游植物水样采集。共鉴定出浮游植物112种(包括变种),分属于6门52属。浮游植物种类组成:绿藻门23属49种,占种类总数的43.75%;硅藻门12属34种,占30.36%;蓝藻门10属19种,占16.96%;裸藻门4属7种,占6.25%;甲藻门2属2种,占1.79%;隐藻门1属1种,占0.89%。浮游植物丰度秋季(8 889.97×10~4个/L)夏季(7 157.39×10~4个/L)春季(868.97×10~4个/L),三季均值为5 638.78×10~4个/L。3个季节里浮游植物划分为18个功能群,代表性功能群的季节演替为春季(F/MP/H1/C/D/G/W1)→夏季(Tc/M/Wo/C/N/X3/LM)→秋季(Tc/H1/C/D/W1/P)。利用典范对应分析方法,对同步取得的p、TN、TP、WT等环境因子与浮游植物功能群分之间的相关性进行分析。结果显示,WT、p、TP、NH_4-N是官厅水库浮游植物功能群演替的主要驱动因子。     

A Simple Framework for Incorporating Seasonal Streamflow Forecasts into Existing Water Resource Management Practices1

Gong, Gavin, Lucien Wang, Laura Condon, Alastair Shearman, and Upmanu Lall, 2010. A Simple Framework for Incorporating Seasonal Streamflow Forecasts Into Existing Water Resource Management Practices. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(3):574-585. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00435.x Abstract: Climate-based streamflow forecasting, coupled with an adaptive reservoir operation policy, can potentially improve decisions by water suppliers and watershed stakeholders. However, water suppliers are often wary of straying too far from their current management practices, and prefer forecasts that can be incorporated into existing system modeling tools. This paper presents a simple framework for utilizing streamflow forecasts that works within an existing management structure. Climate predictors are used to develop seasonal inflow forecasts. These are used to specify operating rules that connect to the probability of future (end of season) reservoir states, rather than to the current storage, as is done now. By considering both current storage and anticipated inflow, the likelihood of meeting management goals can be improved. The upper Delaware River Basin in the northeastern United States is used to demonstrate the basic idea. Physically plausible climate-based forecasts of March-April reservoir inflow are developed. Existing simulation tools and rule curves for the system are used to convert the inflow forecasts to reservoir level forecasts. Operating policies are revised during the forecast period to release less water during forecasts of low reservoir level. Hindcast simulations demonstrate reductions of 1.6% in the number of drought emergency days, which is a key performance measure. Forecasts with different levels of skill are examined to explore their utility.     

Use of satellite imagery to assess the trophic state of Miyun Reservoir, Beijing, China

The objective of this research is to explore an appropriate way of monitoring and assessing water quality by satellite remote sensing techniques in the Miyun reservoir of Beijing, China. Two scene Thematic Mapper images in May and October of 2003 were acquired and simultaneous in situ measurements, sampling and analysis were conducted. Statistical analysis indicates that satellite-based normalized ratio vegetation index (NRVI) and in situ measured water chlorophyll a (Chl-a) concentration have very high correlation. Two linear regression models with high determination coefficients were constructed for NRVI and Chl-a of sample points. According to the modified trophic state index map, water quality in the western section of Miyun reservoir was consistently higher than in the eastern section during the two months tested. The trophic grade of the eastern reservoir remained mesotrophic with a tendency for eutrophication.     

北京密云水库流域水体夏季POM浓度及来源分析

为有效控制流域水质污染,保障饮用水水源的水质安全,通过测定北京境内密云水库流域水体夏季悬浮颗粒有机质(POM)的浓度水平及其碳、氮同位素特征,同时以京密引水渠水体为参比,对密云水库汇水流域水体POM的来源进行研究.结果 表明,密云水库流域水体夏季颗粒态有机碳(POC)浓度的变化范围为0.04～0.71 mg/L,平均值...     

MULTI-OBJECTIVE RESERVOIR OPERATION INCLUDING TURBIDITY CONTROL1

ABSTRACT: The operational problems of a reservoir are expressed by three coordinates: space, time stage, and objective. The operational procedure is formulated using dynamic programming as a multi-objective problem. After comparing the scalar and the vector optimization, the scalar optimization technique is applied to turbidity analysis in a reservoir.     

基于虚拟技术的三峡库区应急救援系统

三峡大坝蓄水后水质和生态环境安全的威胁加大。笔者基于对库区蓄水后水质状况的分析,将虚拟技术应用到三峡库区应急救援系统的设计中,提出了基于虚拟技术的应急响应流程,建立系统数据库和实时监控及预警体系,并以嘉陵江重庆段事故后污染物质的迁移扩散为例,应用数值模拟软件实现电子模拟演习,加强应急预案的建设和应急反应系统实战能力的提高。该系统通过建立应急救援数据库和实时监测及预警机制,提高库区应急响应效率,强化库区事故防范能力,并运用数值模拟方法为系统提供形象直观的电子模拟演习工具,为库区突发性水污染事故的处理提供强有力的决策支持。     

水库泥沙淤积量测算方法研究综述及展望

我国江河大多泥沙量大，所建水库淤积严重，由此带来了一系列的问题。因此，及时、准确地确定其淤积量及淤积位置对工程措施的实施非常重要。首先，介绍了水库淤积量的测量方法，包括经纬仪测记法、SAR法、GPS＋测深仪法；然后，针对淤积量的计算方法进行了详尽的述评，如：等深线、规则网格镶嵌法、断面或地形法、基于GIS的DTM法、泰森多边形法及基于库容曲线的泥沙淤积量计算法、输沙量平衡法和水力模型法等；最后，对水深测量误差的控制及淤积体体积计算的改进进行了探讨和展望，指出了需要进一步研究和解决的问题。     

SIMULATED EFFECTS OF ALTERED SPILLWAY RELEASES ON THERMAL STRUCTURE AND KOKANEE GROWTH IN A COLORADO RESERVOIR1

ABSTRACT: In‐reservoir thermal and ecological effects of releasing some flows over the surface spillway at Blue Mesa Reservoir, Colorado, rather than routing all releases through the hypolimnetic outlet were evaluated using a calibrated and validated one‐dimensional thermal model (CE‐THERM) with a set of ecological models. Thermal model output indicated that surface water temperatures were influenced primarily by atmospheric conditions, but the release of warmer water over the spillway resulted in a thinner epilimnion and cooler metalimnetic water temperatures. Ecological model predictions indicated that spillway releases and associated temperatures resulted in lower growth rates for young‐of‐year (YOY) kokanee salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in the reservoir by up to 9 percent when compared with growth rates under baseline operations with no releases over the spillway. Kokanee growth rates were reduced under spillway release scenarios because lower temperatures not only affected metabolic rates, but limited the productivity of the zooplankton as well. Thus, altering the release regime with spillway discharges could have deleterious effects on Blue Mesa's YOY kokanee. However, in other reservoirs, distributing discharges among different elevations may provide managers with a mechanism to regulate temperatures to benefit species of concern that are facing challenges imposed by environmental conditions such as global warming.     

A NONLINEAR PROGRAMMING ALGORITHM FOR REAL-TIME HOURLY RESERVOIR OPERATIONS1

ABSTRACT: The optimization of real-time operations for a single reservoir system is studied. The objective is to maximize the sum of hourly power generation over a period of one day subject to constraints of hourly power schedules, daily flow requirement for water supply and other purposes, and the limitations of the facilities. The problem has a nonlinear concave objective function with nonlinear concave and linear constraints. Nonlinear Duality Theorems and Lagrangian Procedures are applied to solve the problem where the minimization of the Lagrangian is carried out by a modified gradient projection technique along with an optimal stepsize determination routine. The dimension of the problem in terms of the number of variables and constraints is reduced by eliminating the 24 continuity equations with a special implicit routine. A numerical example is presented using data provided by the Bureau of Reclamation, Sacramento, California.