Evaluating the Impacts of Environmental Flow Alternatives on Reservoir and Recreational Operations Using System Dynamics Modeling

Providing environmental flows is increasingly a management obligation in many water resource systems. Evaluating the impacts of environmental flow alternatives on other water uses in a basin can be a challenge, especially when collaborating with stakeholders. We demonstrate the use of system dynamics (SD) modeling to assess the impacts of four environmental flow alternatives in the Rio Chama, New Mexico. The model was developed to examine impacts of each alternative on reservoir storage and releases, hydropower production and revenue, and whitewater boating access. We simulated each alternative within a stochastic framework in order to explicitly incorporate hydrologic uncertainty into the analyses. The environmental flow alternatives were developed at a collaborative workshop of geomorphology, hydrology, and ecology experts. Results from the model indicate that the proposed flow recommendations on the Rio Chama will generally decrease annual reservoir storage, increase median flows, and have minimal impacts on hydropower production and whitewater rafting on the system. The Rio Chama case study is a promising example of how SD modeling can be used in the early stages of environmental flow studies and why it is compatible with collaborative modeling.     

Optimizing the operation of the Qingshitan Reservoir in the Lijiang River for multiple human interests and quasi-natural flow maintenance

For reservoir operation, maintaining a quasi-natural flow regime can benefit river ecosystems, but may sacrifice human interests. This study took the Qingshitan Reservoir in the Lijiang River as a case, and developed an optimization model to explore a trade-off solution between social-economic interests and nature flow maintenance on a monthly base. The objective function considered irrigation, cruise navigation and water supply aspects. An index of flow alteration degree was proposed to measure the difference between the regulated discharge and the natural flow. The index was then used as an additional constraint in the model besides the conventional constraints on reservoir safety. During model solving, different criteria were applied to the index, representing various degrees of alteration of the natural flow regime in the river. Through the model, a relationship between social-economic interests and flow alteration degree was established. Finally, a trade-off solution of the reservoir operation was defined that led to a favorable social-economic benefit at an acceptable alteration of the natural flow.     

尾矿库溃坝的安全监测

通过尾矿库溃坝事故的原因分析,提出将浸润线、防洪容量、坝体位移和降雨量作为尾矿库监测预警系统的监测指标,详细分析监测指标的设置、原理、功能及预警,实现尾矿库主要安全指标的在线自动监测,为预测尾矿库的运行状况提供了有力的保障。     

新丰江水库富营养化现状及其综合防治对策

新丰江水库水质可满足 Ｇ Ｂ３８３８ － ８８ Ⅱ类水质要求, 其营养水平为贫中营养状态; 磷为主要污染物; 氮磷负荷均略大于可接受的纳污负荷。本文还提出了有效控制新丰江水库富营养化进程的若干建议和措施。     

水库水质预测的解析计算

通过对水库恒定时间连续污染源输移扩散特征的分析 ,在其简化条件下求得一维水质模型方程的解析解。结合河道型水库断面几何参数的沿程变化规律 ,给出了 2座水库沿程BOD5浓度分布 ,并分别将解析计算结果与相应水库的一维水质数值模型预测值进行比较 ,沿程BOD5浓度分布吻合良好。 更多还原      

三峡水库水位上升对香溪河流域典型滑坡的影响分析

在三峡水库蓄水后,香溪河流域众多滑坡出现变形失稳现象。白家堡滑坡、耿家坪滑坡、白马滩滑坡在蓄水后的变形特征各不相同。对库水位上升后3个滑坡的变形特征及其渗透性进行了比较研究,表明影响滑坡响应时间的主要因素是滑体的渗透性。以白家堡滑坡为例,利用摩根斯坦-普赖斯法,对不同c、值,进行75~175 m水位线的稳定性系数演算,发现各c、值不同水位线下稳定性系数曲线的变化规律有2种类型,即下降—平直型和下降—上升型,这种变化规律与浸水部位密切相关。     

密云水库上游石匣小流域水土流失综合治理措施研究

坡面处理措施及土地利用方式是控制水土流失最重要的影响因素,通过合适的坡面措施与合理的土地利用方式可以有效地抑制土壤侵蚀,保护土地资源,改善生态坏境。论文通过对石匣小流域不同处理的径流试验小区的实测资料分析,研究了坡面综合水土保持措施对水土流失的影响。研究表明,与坡耕地、开荒地相比,梯田和水平条可以有效地拦蓄地面径流,控制水土流失,减沙率可达64.83%~91.81%,并且阴坡上的水平条的蓄水保土作用好于阳坡,有土埂的大水平条的减水拦沙效率好于无土埂的水平条;综合水保措施的水土保持效益更高,对径流量的拦蓄率高达96.21%~99.38%,并且进行综合措施处理的坡面的土壤侵蚀模数都小于水利部发布的北方土石山区允许土壤流失量200t/km².a;对坡面的自然封禁能够有效地控制坡面水土流失;同时由于综合水保措施很大程度上改变了原有的地形,坡度对水土流失的影响不明显。     

月径流时间序列的混沌特性分析

研究根据混沌理论,分别采用功率谱分析方法、G-P关联维识别合水水库月径流量的混沌特性,并且得出主要的混沌特性指标.以Tanks嵌入定理为理论基础,进行短期预测,能够取得精度较高的预测结果.研究表明:月径流序列存在一定的混沌特性,其最小嵌入维数在m=8对应的吸引子维数D=-0.95,最大李雅谱诺夫指数σ=0.325,采用加权一阶权域方法预测时,预测最大时限为4个月,其预测精度均在5%以内.     

地层条件下油气混合气安全氧含量实验研究

为了确定地层高温高压环境下油气混合气的安全氧含量,避免在采油过程中形成可燃性混合气体引发燃烧或者爆炸事故,保证注空气采油工艺过程的安全性,设计了1种测试地层高温高压环境下油气混合气体安全氧含量的实验装置;通过对采油现场井筒内的气体进行取样分析,选取一定组分的混合气体,在理论分析的基础上,对混合气体分别在1,5,10 MPa和40,120℃条件下的安全氧含量进行了实验研究,并将实验结果与理论分析结果进行了比较分析。研究结果表明:随着温度和压力的升高,安全氧含量逐渐降低;在地层高温高压环境下所测得的安全氧含量要远低于常温常压下的理论估算值;在10 MPa,120℃时达到8.27%,很大程度上增加了采油工艺过程的危险性。     

水布垭水库水体碳时空变化特征及其影响因素分析

为了评估大型水库对河流碳循环的拦截作用,选择清江流域最上游水布垭水库为典型案例,采用德国元素公司vario TOC分析仪对定期采集水样进行分析,研究新建大型水库水体碳时空分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明,水布垭水库表层水体总碳、总无机碳、溶解有机碳和颗粒有机碳平均含量分别为26.665、24.089、2.141和0.438 mg/L,在水库年内蓄水阶段呈现显著的峰值,其空间分布格局在支流库湾和坝前典型断面表现出显著的差异,在水体碳中总无机碳占据主导地位,与湖泊水体碳时空分布特征极为相似。由于受到人类活动和自然环境的双重影响,水体无机碳则与水体电导率指标具有较强的相关性,溶解有机碳则与水体温度具有直接的关系,而数量最少的颗粒有机碳则与水体叶绿素含量具有弱相关关系。研究成果可以为理解水库碳循环过程机制提供数据支持,对于开展大坝建设的河流碳循环影响评估具有重要参考意义。