富水水库消落区土地开发试验及其效果

在对湖北富水水库资源利用调查基础上,根据水位变化规律和水库调度实际,将消落区分成上、中、下3个层次,并探索不同分层的资源特征和利用途径,上区带、中区带、下区带分别采用综合开发利用、渔业开发和两栖林业开发模式。以林业开发为主,结合几年来的开发实践和消落区两栖林业带的初步形成,认为合理开发与利用消落区资源是缓解库区人地矛盾、转变库区农户增收方式、实现经济结构优化和生态可持续发展的有效途径。     

高锰酸钾预氧化强化处理受污染的水库水

考察了高锰酸钾强化常规工艺处理受污染水库水效能．进行生产性试验对比了投加高锰酸钾前后处理水浊度、颗粒物、CODMn及藻类的去除效果,并对高锰酸钾强化除污染的可能作用机制进行了探讨。结果表明：投加高锰酸钾使得澄清池平均出水浊度由4．490NTU降低至3．995NTU;出厂水平均浊度由0．670NTU降低至0．463NTU;颗粒物去除率由71．72％提高至83．86％;澄清池出水平均CODM。由3．21mg／L降低至2．86mg／L;出厂水平均CODM。由2．99mg／L降低至2．62mg／L;藻类总数去除率由36．49％提高至71．27％．且藻类种属也相应减少。高锰酸钾能有效地强化受污染水库水中不同污染物的去除效能,显著地提高出水水质。     

Identification of Land-Cover Changes Through Image Processing and Associated Impacts on Water Reservoir Conditions

A temporal assessment of land-cover changes of the province Beykoz in Istanbul has been documented in this article. The study focuses on the acquisition and analysis of LANDSAT 5 TM images that reflect the drastic land-cover changes between the years 1984 and 2001 utilizing aerial photographs, orthophoto maps, standard topographic maps, and ground truth measurements. The status of the province, including its surrounding villages, were examined together with more specialized maps showing only the city center and part of the province that lies within the watershed of the Elmali Drinking Water Reservoir. The land distribution profiles were also calculated for each of the images to help authorities and decision-makers to better understand the main causes of such remarkable changes and to inform them of the changing quality conditions of the reservoir. Rapid, uncontrolled, and illegal urbanization accompanied by insufficient infrastructure has caused degradation of forests and barren lands in the province, especially within the past two decades. The proximity of the province to the reservoirs watershed, downtown Istanbul, and the transportation network has accelerated the land-cover changes whose adverse impacts on the reservoir water quality are sensed. It is intended that the data gathered and processed in this study will provide a basis for future sustainable urban planning and management activities.     

浅谈水情自动测报系统在水库管理中的作用

通过水情自动测报系统在防洪调度工作中的运用,阐明了水情自动测报系统的实时性、综合性等特点,进一步表明了自动化管理在水利工程中的重要作用.     

临南油田污泥浆回注处理研究

临盘采油厂临南油田针对水质改性后固体废物急剧增加、处理难度大的问题,提出了将污泥浆回注入高渗储层的处理办法,并在夏52-414井进行了现场试验。试验结果表明,当污泥浆浓度为10%时,相当于含污泥15～20t,注入压力可稳定在11MPa。目前每天可以处理污泥浆150～200m3,完全能满足临南联合站全部产出污泥浆处理的要求。同时,在未加任何添加剂的情况下,污泥悬浮性很好,可以保证长时间连续注入的效果。     

驱排剂解堵工艺的研究与应用

吐哈温米油田属于低孔、低渗、低产能油藏,原油含蜡量、沥青质较高,油井的近井地带结垢严重。文章介绍了驱排剂的解堵作用原理、酸化工作液配方、驱排剂解堵工艺技术和现场应用效果。研究结果表明,驱排剂解堵工艺技术对解除油井的堵塞具有良好的效果,对提高油井的产液能力有重要作用,同时又是低渗透油田增产的一种新工艺。从2004年7月份开始,温米油田利用驱排剂解堵后油井平均单井日增油量3.0t,日增液量21.0t,动液面平均上升400.00m,平均单井有效生产期为90天以上。     

Rainwater conservation and recycling by optimal size on-farm reservoir

Hydrologic and economic analysis of the on-farm reservoir (OFR) was carried out in rainfed rice–mustard cropping systems in Eastern India followed by 2 years of field experiments in 1999 and 2000. The average contribution (average of 2 years) of direct rainfall and surface runoff from the diked crop fields contributed, respectively, about 79.5 and 20.5% to the total OFR inflow. The average contribution of evaporation loss, seepage and percolation loss and supplemental irrigation from the OFR contributed, respectively, about 10.0, 31.2 and 58.8% to the total OFR outflow. There was an average increase of rice yield of 44.0% over the rainfed rice because of application of 8.4 cm supplemental irrigation from the OFR. Thus, with an application of 4.5 cm supplemental irrigation from the OFR, 15.40% increase of mustard yield was recorded in 1999. Economic analysis indicated average net profit of Rs. 700 (US$ 1 = Rupees (Rs.) 44.75 in Indian currency) from a farm area of 800 m². Average values of benefit–cost ratio, internal rate of return and pay back period of the OFR irrigation system were evaluated as 1.17, 14.8%, and 16 years, respectively. The study reveals that the OFR irrigation in small landholders is economically feasible system for rainwater harvesting and providing supplemental irrigation in rainfed farming system.     

Response of Drinking-water Reservoir Ecosystems to Decreased Acidic Atmospheric Deposition in SE Germany: Signs of Biological Recovery

Strongly decreasing atmospheric emissions and acidic deposition during the 1990s have initiated chemical reversal from acidification in several drinking-water reservoirs of the Erzgebirge, SE Germany. We studied responses of phytoplankton, zooplankton and fish stocks in five reservoirs and at enclosure scale after experimental neutralization of 1,200 m³ of lake water. About 4 months after this treatment, diatoms and cryptomonads replaced the predominating chrysophytes and dinoflagellates. The colonization by acid-sensitive species of green algae, cryptomonads, rotifers and Cladocera (e.g. Bosmina longirostris) is explained by the occurrence of dormant stages or by survival of individuals in very low abundances. Analogous to the enclosure experiment, three reservoirs showed significantly (p < 0.01) falling trends of chlorophyll a and phytoplankton biovolume, mainly due to the decline of dinoflagellates. Picoplankton and diatoms increased slightly in two reservoirs. The zooplankton communities were dominated by rotifers and small Cladocera. Representatives of the genus Daphnia were lacking. Two reservoirs were re-colonized by zooplanktivorous fish populations of either perch (Perca fluviatilis) or sunbleak (Leucaspius delineatus). The latter exhibited extremely high fluctuating abundance and biomass and even suffered from a population crash. This natural mortality was caused by a limited food supply. Hence, severe top-down control may delay the recovery of larger zooplankton species like daphnids. Fishery management comprising the introduction of predatory fishes can help to control zooplanktivorous fish populations and to prevent their mass mortality.     

MANGANESE OXIDATION RELATED TO THE RELEASES FROM RESERVOIRS1

ABSTRACT: Stratified reservoir waters frequently contain objectionable quantities of dissolved manganese. The oxidation and removal of dissolved manganese during transport below Normandy Dam, Tennessee, was shown to be much more rapid than expected from chemical oxidation. Oxidation took place in only a day of travel time rather than months or years. Laboratory studies showed that removal was associated with a slime found on rock surfaces below the dam and led to the development of column technology as a possible method of treating natural waters containing manganese. Hydraulic loadings on the columns in the range of 390–780 m³/hr.ha accomplished a 90 percent removal rate of soluble manganese over an influent concentration range of 2 to 15 mg/l.     

THE EFFECTS OF RISK AND RELIABILITY ON OPTIMAL RESERVOIR DESIGN1

A chance-constrained linear programming model, which utilizes multiple linear decision rules and is useful for river basin planning, is used to evaluate the effects of risk and reliability on optimal reservoir design. Streamflow forecasts or predictions can be explicitly included in the linear program. The risk associated with the predictions is included in the model through the use of cumulative distribution functions (CDF) of streamflows which are conditioned on the predictions. A multiple-purpose reservoir on the Gunpowder River in Maryland is used to illustrate the effectiveness of the model. In order to provide the decision makers with complete and useful information, trade-off curves relating minimum reservoir capacity (a surrogate for dam costs), water supply and flood control targets, and the reliability of achieving the targets are developed. The trade-off curves may enhance the decision maker's ability to select the best dam capacity, considering technological and financial constraints as well as the trade-offs between targets, risks, and costs.