WATER SUPPLY EVALUATION OF TAIWAN'S SILICON VALLEY1

ABSTRACT: The objective of this paper is to examine a deficit in water for the Hsinchu area, the location of Taiwan's “Silicon Valley.” The methods suggested in this paper to diagnose water shortage problems are simple and practical. The results show that Hsinchu is in an area without sufficient water to meet demand for domestic and industrial uses. Until the completion of the Baoshan II Reservoir in 2006, the most feasible options for the Taiwan Water Supply Corporation to offset the water deficiency in Hsinchu City over the next five years are: (a) to obtain water gratuitously from the southern Yungheshan Reservoir; (b) to import additional water at an extra charge from other sources such as the northern Shihmen Reservoir and the agricultural sector; and (c) to conduct a comprehensive water conservation program at the Hsinchu Science‐based Industrial Park.     

RESERVOIR OPERATION ANI EVALUATION OF DOWNSTREAM FLOW AUGMENTATION1

ABSTRACT: Operation of a storage‐based reservoir modifies the downstream flow usually to a value higher than that of natural flow in dry season. This could be important for irrigation, water supply, or power production as it is like an additional downstream benefit without any additional investment. This study addresses the operation of two proposed reservoirs and the downstream flow augmentation at an irrigation project located at the outlet of the Gandaki River basin in Nepal. The optimal operating policies of the reservoirs were determined using a Stochastic Dynamic Programming (SDP) model considering the maximization of power production. The modified flows downstream of the reservoirs were simulated by a simulation model using the optimal operating policy (for power maximization) and a synthetic long‐term inflow series. Comparing the existing flow (flow in river without reservoir operation) and the modified flow (flow after reservoir operation) at the irrigation project, the additional amount of flow was calculated. The reliability analysis indicated that the supply of irrigation could be increased by 25 to 100 percent of the existing supply over the dry season (January to April) with a reliability of more than 80 percent.     

某商场分散式排烟系统设计的探讨

以某大型综合性商场为例,运用建筑防火性能化设计理论和方法,对商场的排烟系统进行了分析计算,在数值模拟计算的基础上提出改进意见,并针对商场的不同部分的建筑结构特点给出不同的防排烟措施,以达到最佳的排烟效果.     

湖库富营养化敏感分级概念及指标体系研究

依据水体富营养化的危害程度与地理位置、流动条件等因素有关的概念,在一个较小的尺度上提出了水体富营养化敏感分级的概念,将富营养化的控制级别从河流-湖泊2级扩展到多级,并提出了分级采用的指标体系的一般概念.同时与美国环境保护局的大尺度分区(分级)方法进行了比较分析,发现美国14个生态分区河流与湖库的富营养化基准存在不协调之处,认为以该统计方法分别进行河流与湖库富营养化基准制定,可能产生河流基准的控制指标严于湖泊基准的不合理情况.      

CHANNEL STABILITY DOWNSTREAM FROM A DAM ASSESSED USING AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS AND STREAM‐GAGE INFORMATION1

ABSTRACT: The stability of the Neosho River channel downstream from John Redmond Dam, in southeast Kansas, was investigated using multiple‐date aerial photographs and stream‐gage information. Bankfull channel width was used as the primary indicator variable to assess pre‐ and post‐dam channel change. Five sin‐mile river reaches and four stream gages were used in the analysis. Results indicated that, aside from some localized channel widening, the overall channel change has been minor with little post‐dam change in bankfull channel width. The lack of a pronounced post‐dam channel change may be attributed to a substantial reduction in the magnitude of the post‐dam annual peak discharges in combination with the resistance to erosion of the bed and bank materials. Also, the channel may have been overwidened by a series of large floods that predated construction of the dam, including one with an estimated 500‐year recurrence interval.     

Modified landfill gas generation rate model of first-order kinetics and two-stage reaction

This investigation was carried out to establish a new domestic landfill gas (LFG) generation rate model that takes into account the impact of leachate recirculation. The first-order kinetics and two-stage reaction (FKTSR) model of the LFG generation rate includes mechanisms of the nutrient balance for biochemical reaction in two main stages. In this study, the FKTSR model was modified by the introduction of the outflow function and the organic acid conversion coefficient in order to represent the in-situ condition of nutrient loss through leachate. Laboratory experiments were carried out to simulate the impact of leachate recirculation and verify the modified FKTSR model. The model calibration was then calculated by using the experimental data. The results suggested that the new model was in line with the experimental data. The main parameters of the modified FKTSR model, including the LFG production potential (L₀), the reaction rate constant in the first stage (K₁), and the reaction rate constant in the second stage (K₂) of 64.746 L, 0.202 d⁻¹, and 0.338 d⁻¹, respectively, were comparable to the old ones of 42.069 L, 0.231 d⁻¹, and 0.231 d⁻¹. The new model is better able to explain the mechanisms involved in LFG generation.     

扬水曝气器类型对分层水库藻类控制效果的影响

为优选扬水曝气器的类型以更经济有效地原位控藻,建立了基于Fluent软件的水库水动力与水质数值模拟方法,在不同温度梯度和水深条件下,预测了淹没式和非淹没式扬水曝气器对分层水库中藻类控制的效果. 以金盆水库扬水曝气水质改善工程为案例,对扬水曝气器外围流场和藻类混合迁移过程进行数值模拟. 结果显示,垂向流速和藻密度的模拟结果与实测数据吻合较好. 在典型的扬水曝气器运行条件下,水深分别为77.25、87.25和97.25 m时,淹没式和非淹没式扬水曝气器的外围流场均以顺时针环流为特征;淹没式扬水曝气器的环流发展较远,表层藻密度分别被削减了86.8%、88.2%、90.6%;扬水曝气器类型对藻密度削减率的影响不大. 采用淹没式扬水曝气器时,77.25、87.25和97.25 m水深下核心控藻区占整个流场区域的比例分别为39.71%、41.14%和42.73%,分别比非淹没式的高14.81%、8.95%和2.69%;藻类完全混合的时间分别为10、12和14 d,分别比非淹没式的少8、7和6 d. 不同季节和水深条件下的模拟结果表明,采用淹没式扬水曝气器,核心控藻区域较大,藻类混合较快.      

Organochlorine pesticide in water and bottom sediment from Aiba Reservoir (Southwestern Nigeria)

Levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in water and sediment from Aiba reservoir (Southwestern Nigeria) have been assessed. The aim of the study was to investigate the pollution status of the reservoir water and the bottom sediment. Analytical measurements were carried out for 20 OCPs using standard literature methods. The results showed higher levels of OCPs in the bottom sediment than the water. Significant positive correlations at p<0.05 level were observed for OCPs compounds in water except γ-BHC and endosulfan III, whereas in sediments α-chlordane, dieldrin, endosulfan II, pp-DDT, endrin ketone and methoxychlor did not show any correlation, and aldrin was negatively correlated with pp-DDD. The mean levels of OCPs in both water and sediments were higher, in most cases, than recommended levels for drinking water. Owing to possible toxicity and bioaccumulation tendency of OCPs by the aquatic habitats, the levels of OCPs detected in water and sediment samples could be a source of future health problems. Environmental monitoring of the reservoir is highly recommended.     

冬季水库水源中MIB和土嗅素的产生与降解机理

2-甲基异冰片(MIB) 和土嗅素(geosmin)由放线菌,真菌和蓝绿藻代谢产生,这两种物质是目前造成饮用水具有霉味和土味的主要原因.以包头市画匠水库为研究对象,运用推流式反应器基本模型和OriginPro 9.0线性拟合法,分析冬季水源水库水中MIB和土嗅素净产率与损失率;运用双膜理论计算嗅味物质挥发速率常数.结果表明,冬季画匠水库0.55m冰层下,透射光照强度(Surface PAR)为70 ~ 636W/m2,平均光照强度为114.8W/m2,存在合适藻类代谢产生异味物质的光照条件.封冻前后,水库水中MIB和土嗅素浓度逐渐增高,并以60~102ng/L的较高浓度水平维持到来年解冻,此后二者浓度逐渐降低到较低水平,呈规律性变化.曲线拟合结果显示,冬季画匠水库水中MIB/土嗅素的产生与减少均符合准一级反应动力学模型(R2为0.941~0.989).由于低温与冰层阻碍等原因,影响水库中MIB/土嗅素的损失主要因素是出流携带;冰层融化后,挥发和出流携带是MIB/土嗅素减少的主要原因.MIB和土嗅素冬季产生速率常数为4.119, 2.146ng/(L×d),水流携带损失速率常数为0.032d-1.冰层融化后,MIB产生速率为1.012ng/(L×d),损失速率为0.072d-1,藻细胞产率4.57×10-8ng/(L×d×cell);土嗅素产生速率常数为1.638ng/(L×d),损失速率为0.083d-1,藻细胞产率5.46×10-8ng/(L×d×cell).     

尾矿库初期坝稳定性的合成孔径雷达干涉变形检测与流固耦合数值模拟分析

某尾矿库初期坝采用分段施工,可能产生不均匀沉降,影响坝体的稳定性。采用孔径雷达干涉技术对尾矿库初期坝进行了短期变形速率观测,得出坝体右侧的后期填筑区域整体上与主体仍能够基本保持同步沉降。建立了三维流固耦合模型,分析了尾矿库初期坝的静力稳定性和渗流稳定性,结果表明:初期坝体的水平位移和竖向位移都在安全范围之内,考虑水和尾砂的共同作用,后期堆积坝堆积至1765m高程时,坝体顶部和后期回填区域,存在小量位移变形,静态稳定性安全系数达到2.25,初期坝能够保持稳定。