我国重点城市水源及水厂出水中乙草胺的残留水平

利用固相萃取-气质联用法调查了我国36个重点城市145个水源水和209个出厂水中乙草胺的残留水平.水源水中乙草胺的检出率为66.9%,平均浓度为33.9 ng·L-1,水厂处理对乙草胺的去除效果有限.按不同区域划分,东北地区的检出浓度最高;按水源类型划分,湖库水中浓度远高于河流水和地下水;按水系划分,辽河水系和沿海地区的检出率和检出浓度最高.     

Evaluation of reusing alum sludge for the coagulation of industrial wastewater containing mixed anionic surfactants

A coagulation-flocculation process is typically employed to treat the industrial wastewater generated by the consumer products industry manufacturing detergents, soaps, and others. The expenditure of chemicals including coagulants and chemicals for pH adjustment is costly for treating this wastewater. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of reusing the aluminum sulfate (alum) sludge as a coagulant or as a coagulation aid so that the fresh alum dosage can be minimized or the removal e ciency can be enhanced. The experiments were conducted in a jar-test apparatus simulating the coagulation-flocculation process for simultaneous removals of organic matters, anionic surfactants, suspended solids, and turbidity. At the optimum initial pH value of 10 and the fresh alum concentration of 400 mg/L, the total suspended solids (TSS), total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD), total anionic surfactants, and turbidity removal e ciencies were 71.5%, 76.4%, 95.4%, and 98.2%, respectively. The addition of alum sludge as a coagulant alone without any fresh alum addition could significantly remove the turbidity, TCOD, and anionic surfactants. The TSS was left in the supernatants after the settling period, but would subsequently be removed by adding the fresh alum. The TSS, TCOD, and turbidity removal e ciencies were also enhanced when both the alum sludge and the fresh alum were employed. The TCOD removal e ciency over 80% has been accomplished, which has never fulfilled by using the fresh alum alone. It is concluded that the alum sludge could be reused for the treatment of industrial wastewater generated by the consumer products industry.     

原水性质对新型含Ca2+复合混凝剂混凝过程的影响

为了提高水处理效率,保证出水水质,需要开发新型高效混凝剂.本实验采用经过Ca2+改性的混凝剂针对不同水样进行混凝实验,考察了浊度、有机物去除、余铝和形成絮体性质.结果表明在纯颗粒物体系中,PACl(聚合氯化铝)和Al Cl3中加入的Ca2+对于浊度去除率无明显影响,在低投加量下能够有效降低沉后水中余铝浓度,Al Cl3做混凝剂,投加量0.10mmol·L~(-1)时,沉后水余铝浓度从0.15 mg·L~(-1)降低到0.10 mg·L~(-1).在腐殖酸体系中,混凝剂中的钙离子可明显降低腐殖酸分子的负电荷,降低沉后水余铝浓度以及增大絮体粒径.对于腐殖酸与蛋白质体系,当投加量为0.16 mmol·L~(-1)时,使用含有Ca2+的PACl做混凝剂时,钙离子的存在使得平衡时絮体粒径增加了大约50μm,可明显改善絮体的沉降性.碱性条件(pH=8.5)下改性混凝剂沉后水中DOC浓度降低0.2~0.6 mg·L~(-1),余铝降低0.4~0.7 mg·L~(-1).酸性条件(pH=5.5)下改性混凝剂沉后水DOC、余铝浓度无明显变化.     

Fractionation of residual Al in natural water treatment from reservoir with poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride (PASiC): Effect of OH/Al, Si/Al molar ratios and initial pH

An aluminum fractionation study was conducted for a surface reservoir water treatment to understand the performance of poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride (PASiC) in terms of the residual Al fractions as a function of initial pH. The coagulation performance expressed as turbidity and organic matter removal was established as supporting data. Some extra data were evaluated in terms of the residual Al ratio of the composite PASiC coagulant. The main residual Al sources were the Al fractions derived from the use of PASiC. The turbidity and organic matter removal ability was optimal at initial pH 6.00-7.00, while the concentrations of various residual Al species and the residual Al ratio of PASiC were minimal at an initial pH range of 7.00-8.00. Under the conditions of OH/Al molar ratio = 2.00 and Si/Al molar ratio = 0.05, PASiC had superior coagulation performance and comparatively low residual Al concentrations. The Al fraction in the composite PASiC coagulant seldom remained under such conditions. Experimental data also indicated that the suspended (filterable) Al fraction was the dominant species, and organic-bound or organo-Al complex Al was considered to be the major species of dissolved Al in water treated by PASiC coagulation. Additionally, the dissolved inorganic monomeric Al species dominated the dissolved monomeric Al fraction.     

Size distributions of aerosol and water-soluble ions in Nanjing during a crop residual burning event

To investigate the impact on urban air pollution by crop residual burning outside Nanjing, aerosol concentration, pollution gas concentration, mass concentration, and water-soluble ion size distribution were observed during one event of November 4-9, 2010. Results show that the size distribution of aerosol concentration is bimodal on pollution days and normal days, with peak values at 60-70 and 200-300 nm, respectively. Aerosol concentration is 10⁴ cm^-3. nm^-1 on pollution days. The peak value of spectrum distribution of aerosol concentration on pollution days is 1.5-3.3 times higher than that on a normal day. Crop residual burning has a great impact on the concentration of fine particles. Diurnal variation of aerosol concentration is trimodal on pollution days and normal days, with peak values at 03:00, 09:00 and 19:00 local standard time. The first peak is impacted by meteorological elements, while the second and third peaks are due to human activities, such as rush hour traffic. Crop residual burning has the greatest impact on SO₂ concentration, followed by NO₂, O₃ is hardly affected. The impact of crop residual burning on fine particles (< 2.1 μm) is larger than on coarse particles (> 2.1 μm), thus ion concentration in fine particles is higher than that in coarse particles. Crop residual burning leads to similar increase in all ion components, thus it has a small impact on the water-soluble ions order. Crop residual burning has a strong impact on the size distribution of K⁺, Cl^-, Na⁺, and F^- and has a weak impact on the size distributions of NH₄⁺, Ca²⁺, NO₃^- and SO₄^2-.     

能量耗损相关底物消耗对微生物产率的影响

根据底物反应平衡,提出在底物充分的条件下,微生物消耗的底物总量等于微生物生长所利用的量,微生物维持代谢所利用的量及由于能量代谢分离而消耗的量之和,由此,建立了描述在底物充分的条件下,微生物产率与剩余底物浓度相应关系的动力学模型,证明了观测到的产率随剩余底物２的增加而减少的现象,此模型能很好实验数据相符,结果表明随剩余的底物２的增加,微生物的产率可下降７０％左右。     

热活化和酸活化给水处理厂废弃铁铝泥的吸磷效果

探讨了酸活化和热活化方式对给水厂废弃铁铝泥(ferric and alum water treatment residuals,FARs)吸附磷能力的影响.结果表明,酸活化和热活化均能提高FARs的磷吸附能力,其中经2mol·L-1HCl酸活化的FARs(AH2.0-FARs)和300℃热活化的FARs(H300-FARs)取得最好的磷吸附效果.结合SEM和XRD表征技术对活化机制分析得知,两种活化方式均会使FARs变得疏松、多孔,从而提高FARs对磷的吸附能力.Langmuir和Freundlich两种模型均可很好地反映活化前后FARs的等温吸附过程,FARs对磷的理论饱和吸附量由活化前的20.48mg·g-1分别增加到22.86mg·g-1(AH2.0-FARs)和29.66mg·g-1(H300-FARs).低pH值有利于FARs对磷的吸附.此外,解吸附实验结果表明活化后的FARs能够更好地固定磷.因此,活化后的FARs是一种相对更好的磷的吸附材料.     

双污泥调理剂调理氧化沟剩余活性污泥试验研究

为了对南昌市朝阳洲污水处理厂氧化沟剩余活性污泥涡凹气浮浓缩工艺优选调理剂,采用无机高分子絮凝剂和有机高分子絮凝剂组成的双污泥调理剂PAC+FO4440SH、PAC+FO4190SH、PAC+FA920SH、PAC+AN926SHU对污泥进行调理试验,结果表明:与单独投加无机高分子絮凝剂相比,双污泥调理剂更能改善污泥的脱水性能,对污泥调理效果高低依次为PAC+FO4440SH、PAC+FO4190SH、PAC+FA920SH、PAC+AN926SHU,采用双调理剂调理朝阳洲污水处理厂氧化沟剩余活性污泥时,优选PAC+FO4440SH。     

雨天硫酸盐化速率样品扩散分析

选择采样期不同降雨天数的碱片,测定余边的硫酸盐化速率含量,其结果为：采样期全月无雨时,余边上的硫酸盐均未检出;半月以上至全月有雨时检出率为１００％,检出量占样品量的２．７０～１５．９５％。经扩散试验,查清了余边上的硫酸盐主要是有效面积上采集的样品的扩散,并提出了相应的修正方法。     

Cleaner production for continuous digester processes based on hybrid Pareto genetic algorithm

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