紫外分光光度法咪唑啉残余质量浓度分析

利用紫外分光光度法建立了咪唑啉缓蚀剂残余浓度曲线。通过分析蒸馏水以及某气田的两种水溶液得知,缓蚀剂质量浓度在0～100 mg/L范围内,吸光度与质量浓度成正比且线性关系较好,可以使用紫外分光光度法对油气田咪唑啉缓蚀剂残余质量浓度进行日常快速检测。     

烟台市土壤有机氯农药分布及迁移规律

通过对山东省烟台市生态地球化学资料的系统整理,研究土壤持久性有机污染现状与分布迁移规律。结果表明,小麦和水样中没有检出HCH、DDT及衍生物,相对1980年降幅最大,说明在小麦种植区较好地执行了禁用HCH、DDT的政策;土壤中仍检出有HCH、DDT及衍生物,DDT及其衍生物检出样品占样品总数的34.59%,HCH及其异构体检出占土壤样品总数的0.015%;表层土壤中HCH残留量由70年代的0.282μg/g降至0.151μg/g,相差近2倍;DDT由0.3872μg/g降至0.346μg/g。DDT残留物主要集中在表层土壤中,20～40cm的土层中残留量已明显降低,40～60cm的土层中残留量未检出,揭示了有机氯农药的水溶性很差,容易被土壤颗粒所吸附,在土壤环境中的移动性很弱,因而难以向深层土壤迁移的规律。同时表层土壤中约有612km2控制面积内(p,p′-DDE+p,p′-DDD)/p,p′-DDT的比值小于1,说明可能存在新的DDT污染源输入,土壤持久性有机污染成为烟台生态环境质量问题之一,为土地污染防治提供了科学依据。     

基于瓦斯抽采钻孔的煤层隐伏小构造预测

探明煤层的展布情况和隐伏的地质构造对煤矿的安全生产至关重要。基于大量的瓦斯抽采钻孔的数据,提出了利用瓦斯抽采钻孔预测煤层隐伏构造的方法。通过现场记录钻孔基础数据,运用全角全距法求出钻孔在煤层(顶)底板控制点三维坐标,并建立数据库;利用Surfer数据内插和图形处理功能,绘制煤层顶(底)板三维模型、等值线图和残差图,实现煤层的可视化;根据等值线的疏密异常变化圈出煤层中存在的隐伏构造位置,采用数学地质分析方法判断隐伏构造的类型。通过在古汉山矿1603工作面的试验,证明该方法预测煤层隐伏构造切实可行。     

甘肃省农田地膜污染及防控措施调查

根据甘肃省第一、二次污染源普查结果和78个监测点数据,采用问卷调查与实地调研相结合的方法,分析了甘肃省农田残膜污染现状和防控措施.结果表明,2013年全省地膜使用总量152 025 t,年残留总量44 574 t,地膜污染地区差异明显,从大到小依次为中部黄土高原区、陇东黄土高原区、河西走廊、陇南山区、天水地区和甘南牧区.不同覆膜作物的污染量不同,污染最严重的是玉米.残膜碎片面积越大,残存在田间的数量越小.种植年限1～＜10、10～ ＜20、20～ 30 a的0～30 cm田间地膜残留量分别为27.62、30.78和42.26 kg· hm-2.耕地利用类型不同,残膜量大小则不同,从大到小依次为粮食作物、花卉、蔬菜和经济作物.不同年限、不同种植作物及不同覆膜方式的田间地膜残留系数不同,综合残留系数为4.64 kg·hm-2·a-1.影响地膜残留量的因素主要有残膜碎片大小、地膜厚度、种植模式、农田距村庄距离、土壤质地、地膜重复利用和捡拾方式.2013年甘肃省已建立起了完整的废旧地膜回收体系,有回收企业231家,回收网点2 130个,残膜回收率为70.7％.同时采取了增加地膜厚度、调整种植模式、增施有机肥改变土壤质地、减少地膜重复利用、采用人工加机械捡拾、建立废旧地膜回收体系等农艺农机技术,大幅度减少了地膜残留量,有效防治了农田残膜污染.     

Contrasting ecological information content in whaling archives with modern cetacean surveys for conservation planning and identification of historical distribution changes

Many species are restricted to a marginal or suboptimal fraction of their historical range due to anthropogenic impacts, making it hard to interpret their ecological preferences from modern-day data alone. However, inferring past ecological states is limited by the availability of robust data and biases in historical archives, posing a challenge for policy makers . To highlight how historical records can be used to understand the ecological requirements of threatened species and inform conservation, we investigated sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) distribution in the Western Indian Ocean. We assessed differences in information content and habitat suitability predictions based on whale occurrence data from Yankee whaling logs (1792–1912) and from modern cetacean surveys (1995–2020). We built maximum entropy habitat suitability models containing static (bathymetry-derived) variables to compare models comprising historical-only and modern-only data. Using both historical and modern habitat suitability predictions  we assessed marine protected area (MPA) placement by contrasting suitability in- and outside MPAs. The historical model predicted high habitat suitability in shelf and coastal regions near continents and islands, whereas the modern model predicted a less coastal distribution with high habitat suitability more restricted to areas of steep topography. The proportion of high habitat suitability inside versus outside MPAs was higher when applying the historical predictions than the modern predictions, suggesting that different marine spatial planning optimums can be reached from either data sources. Moreover, differences in relative habitat suitability predictions between eras were consistent with the historical depletion of sperm whales from coastal regions, which were easily accessed and targeted by whalers, resulting in a modern distribution limited more to steep continental margins and remote oceanic ridges. The use of historical data can provide important new insights and, through cautious interpretation, inform conservation planning and policy, for example, by identifying refugee species and regions of anticipated population recovery.     

连云港埒子口海域潮动力特征及其变化

为研究连云港埒子口海域潮流动力特征及其对周边海岸工程的响应,以及为治理埒子口闸下淤积问题提供参考,建立了基于有限体积法离散二维浅水方程的数值模型。采用实测水文资料对模型率定和验证,应用模型分析埒子口潮流动力特征和建设徐圩港防波堤和灌河口导堤后埒子口海域潮流动力的变化。模拟结果表明,建设工程后潮流动力变化较大,埒子口海域涨急流和落急流方向改变,涨、落潮平均流速均减小,距离工程区域越近,流速变化越大。埒子口海域潮流动力减弱将会加重上游挡潮闸的闸下淤积问题,致使埒子口排水不畅,进而增加沂北地区的洪涝风险,所以,相关部门应及时采取措施,保证埒子口排涝畅通。     

Evaluation of Brasilia wastewater sludge as a biomass resource for the production of energy by gasification simulation

This work evaluated the sludge potential of the Wastewater Treatment Plant (ETA) in the city of Brasília to be used as a fuel by gasification. It is known that ETA sludge is a significant environmental liability, since current legislation restricts its final disposal. For this, the chemical characterisation of ETA sludge was performed by immediate and elemental analysis. No traces of heavy metals were observed, and the moisture (ω) and ash contents were 31.17 and 51.77%, respectively, different from those already reported in the literature because the composition depends on the water treatment technology employed. The gasification process was numerically simulated; once dry, it constitutes a residue with an energy content (HHV) of 22.4498 MJ kg^?1, comparable with other types of biomass currently used for large-scale energy generation by thermochemical processes (e.g. agricultural residues, wood and sugar cane bagasse). For the numerical simulation with an equivalence ratio (Φ) near 3, higher concentrations of CO and H₂ can only be achieved with ω lower than 15%. The results showed that gasification can be an attractive option for the disposal and use of a renewable waste resource, such as ETA sludge, in an environmentally safe way, and it is allowed by local legislation.     

Quantification of Water, Salt and Nutrient Exchange Processes at the Mouth of A mediterranean Coastal Lagoon

Vassova lagoon is a typical Mediterranean (small, shallow, micro-tidal, well-mixed) coastal lagoon, receiving limited seasonal freshwater inflows from direct precipitation and underground seepage. An intensive study was carried out in order to quantify the mechanisms responsible for the intra-tidal and residual transport of water, salt, nutrients and chlorophyll at the mouth of this lagoon and to assess the lagoon's flushing behavior. Results indicated that although the system is micro-tidal, tidal effects appeared to be the dominant factor for the longitudinal distribution of physical and chemical parameters, while the associated residual flow is also important and serves as a baseline measure of overall circulation. However, analysis of the net longitudinal currents and fluxes of water, salt and nutrients revealed the importance of non-tidal effects (wind effect and precipitation incidents) in the mean tidal transport. It is shown that the Eulerian residual currents transported water and its properties inwards under southern winds, while a seaward transport was induced during precipitation incidents and northern winds. The Stokes drift effect was found an order of magnitude lower than the Eulerian current, directed towards the lagoon, proving the partially-progressive nature of the tide. Nutrients and chlorophyll-α loads are exported from the lagoon to the open sea during the ebb phase of the autumn and winter tidal cycles, associated with the inflow of nutrient-rich freshwater, seeped through the surrounding drainage canal. The reverse transport occurs in spring and early summer, when nutrients enter the lagoon during the flood tidal phase, from the nutrient-rich upper layer of the stratified adjacent sea. Application of a tidal prism model shows that Vassova lagoon has a mean flushing time of 7.5 days, ranging between 4 to 18 days, affected inversely by the tidal oscillation.     

正交优化制备污泥水解蛋白质的实验研究

以武汉市污水处理厂剩余活性污泥为原料,在不同加水量、温度和催化条件下水解制备水解蛋白质,并通过正交试验优化了剩余污泥水解的反应条件。结果表明,当时间固定在6h时,以固液比(此为鲜泥与加水量的质量之比)为1∶2,温度1200℃,盐酸催化(pH为1.5)为水解反应的最佳条件。本研究为污泥水解蛋白液的制备及污泥处理的减量化、无害化和资源化提供了理论支持和数值依据。     

河滩包气带油污土层残油释放实验研究

本文通过释放试验,模拟了河道中河流冲刷,积水浸泡及多次冲刷条件下,包气带土层残油放过程,分析了ＰＨ值,温度,离子强度等因素对残油释放的影响,结果表明：残油释放由初始快速和随的慢后的慢速两个过程组成,振荡对平所需时间影响不大,振荡时残油释放速率为２．６１ｍｇ油类．ｇ＾－１±．ｄ＾－１,淋洗率为１．８３％,无振荡释放速率仅为０．３５ｍｇ油类．ｇ＾－±．ｄ＾－１;释放量随温度升高而增大,在离子强度〉０．