Parameters affecting the stability of the digestate from a two-stage anaerobic process treating the organic fraction of municipal solid waste

This paper focused on the factors affecting the respiration rate of the digestate taken from a continuous anaerobic two-stage process treating the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW). The process involved a hydrolytic reactor (HR) that produced a leachate fed to a submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (SAMBR). It was found that a volatile solids (VS) removal in the range 40-75% and an operating temperature in the HR between 21 and 35 °C resulted in digestates with similar respiration rates, with all digestates requiring 17 days of aeration before satisfying the British Standard Institution stability threshold of 16 mg CO₂ g VS⁻¹ day⁻¹. Sanitization of the digestate at 65 °C for 7 days allowed a mature digestate to be obtained. At 4 g VS L⁻¹ d⁻¹ and Solid Retention Times (SRT) greater than 70 days, all the digestates emitted CO₂ at a rate lower than 25 mg CO₂ g VS⁻¹ d⁻¹ after 3 days of aeration, while at SRT lower than 20 days all the digestates displayed a respiration rate greater than 25 mg CO₂ g VS⁻¹ d⁻¹. The compliance criteria for Class I digestate set by the European Commission (EC) and British Standard Institution (BSI) could not be met because of nickel and chromium contamination, which was probably due to attrition of the stainless steel stirrer in the HR.     

Chlorine residuals and haloacetic acid reduction in rapid sand filtration

It is quite rare to find biodegradation in rapid sand filtration for drinking water treatment. This might be due to frequent backwashes and low substrate levels. High chlorine concentrations may inhibit biofilm development, especially for plants with pre-chlorination. However, in tropical or subtropical regions, bioactivity on the sand surface may be quite significant due to high biofilm development—a result of year-round high temperature. The objective of this study is to explore the correlation between biodegradation and chlorine concentration in rapid sand filters, especially for the water treatment plants that practise pre-chlorination. In this study, haloacetic acid (HAA) biodegradation was found in conventional rapid sand filters practising pre-chlorination. Laboratory column studies and field investigations were conducted to explore the association between the biodegradation of HAAs and chlorine concentrations. The results showed that chlorine residual was an important factor that alters bioactivity development. A model based on filter influent and effluent chlorine was developed for determining threshold chlorine for biodegradation. From the model, a temperature independent chlorine concentration threshold (Cl_threshold) for biodegradation was estimated at 0.46-0.5 mg L⁻¹. The results imply that conventional filters with adequate control could be conducive to bioactivity, resulting in lower HAA concentrations. Optimizing biodegradable disinfection by-product removal in conventional rapid sand filter could be achieved with minor variation and a lower-than-Cl_threshold influent chlorine concentration. Bacteria isolation was also carried out, successfully identifying several HAA degraders. These degraders are very commonly seen in drinking water systems and can be speculated as the main contributor of HAA loss.     

地裂缝活动对Q3残积古土壤物理力学性质的影响

对长安地裂缝金滹陀探槽工点Q3残积古土壤层原状样进行常规土工试验的结果显示:含水率、孔隙比相对裂缝带在其两侧均变小;密度、干密度在其两侧均变大;压缩模量在其两侧无明显变化;液限、塑限在其南侧无明显变化,而在其北侧变大;压缩模量相对裂缝带在次级地裂缝南侧变大,而在次级地裂缝北侧无明显变化;液限、塑限相对裂缝带在次级地裂缝两侧均变小.此试验结果为研究裂缝带的影响宽度提供了依据.     

余热利用高效节能电除尘器技术的开发应用

论述了余热利用高效节能电除尘器的开发背景、原理和特点,介绍了粤嘉电力135MW-CFB循环流化床燃煤锅炉上的开发应用情况,并加以总结,为进一步推广取得有益经验。     

酪氨酸氯化过程中光谱变化特征及消毒副产物的生成规律

考察酪氨酸在不同投氯量条件下氯化后的余氯,紫外吸光度值和荧光光谱,以及消毒副产物对羟基苯乙腈(4-HBC)的生成特性。结果表明,随着投氯量的增加,余氯呈现先增加再减小再增加的趋势。在投氯量为0～0.5 mmolCl2/L时,增加投氯量可提高氯化后溶液的UV254、UV274和UV280值以及4-HBC的生成量,表明低投氯量时氯化可提高溶液中不饱和键的含量;而投氯量为0.5～1 mmol Cl2/L时,增加投氯量降低UV254、UV274和UV280值以及4-HBC的生成量,表明过量的氯亦可破坏溶液中的不饱和键。荧光光谱测试实验亦发现:在投氯量为0.05 mmol Cl2/L时,酪氨酸溶液氯化后的荧光峰强度明显增加,表明氯化可生成荧光强度较高的产物。过量的氯(0.5～1 mmol Cl2/L)则可破坏溶液中的荧光结构,降低荧光峰强度直至未检出。     

不同有机物对混凝过程和余铝的影响

为了考察不同有机物对混凝过程的影响,针对腐殖酸(HA)和牛血清蛋白(BSA)2种有机物,研究了其在不同有机物含量(以DOC计),不同混凝剂(氯化铝(AlCl3)、聚铝十三(Al13)),不同pH值条件下混凝实验沉后水的总铝(TA)、总溶铝(TDA)以及不同混凝条件下形成的絮体情况,结果表明,不同有机物对沉后水中的余铝含量有重要的影响,在相同的混凝条件下腐殖酸体系产生较高的余铝.当使用AlCl3做混凝剂时,对腐殖酸和蛋白质体系而言,沉后水余铝浓度均随DOC含量的升高而上升;而使用Al13作为混凝剂时,腐殖酸体系的混凝沉后水中的余铝随有机物含量的升高而升高.当pH值高于7.0,DOC浓度高于4.0 mg/L时,总溶铝占总铝的比例达到90％以上,此时pH值对溶解态余铝的含量无明显的影响.腐殖酸和蛋白质的混合体系与其任一单独体系相比,混凝过程中会形成具有较大强度因子和恢复因子的絮体,且混合比接近1∶1时,混凝出水总溶铝达到最低.絮体的破碎与再生长受搅拌强度的影响较大,当破碎强度提高到100 r/min以上时,絮体粒径出现明显的下降.相比而言,AlCl3形成的絮体拥有更大的强度因子,而Al13形成的絮体拥有更大的恢复因子.     

优化混凝处理低温低浊黄河水及对余铝的控制

考察了4种混凝剂,高效聚合氯化铝（HPAC）,聚合氯化铝（PACl）,硫酸铝（Al2（SO4）3）,混合PACl和氯化铁（FeCl3）,对低温低浊黄河原水的混凝效果与沉后水残留铝含量的关系。结果表明,当采用Al2（SO4）3或PACl做混凝剂时,在取得较好浊度去除的投药量下,水中余铝浓度会超过国家标准（0．2131g／L）。而采用HPAC或FeCl3和PACl复配药剂,在取得与Al2（SO4）3或PACl类似的浊度去除效果的同时,也能较好地控制水中的余铝含量。当HPAC投加量为21mg／L时,沉后水浊度降至1．3NTU,残留铝含量为0．147mg／L。复配投加PACl 15mg／L和FeCl3 12mg／L后,沉后水浊度为1．18NTU,残留铝含量为0．074mg／L。PACl和氯化铁的复配比例需要精确的调控,否则容易导致出水余铁余铝含量增加。而HPAC投加量小于21mtg／L时出水余铝浓度均低于国家标准。因此,在这4种混凝剂中,就混凝效果及余铝控制而言,HPAC更适合充当低温低浊水源水的混凝处理药剂。     

多参数环境试验舱焊接残余应力的有限元计算及分析

在钢结构舱体制造中,焊接是最主要的加工手段。焊接变形一方面导致结构变异,尺寸精度和承载能力下降,另一方面,在温度大幅度周期性变化过程中,应力集中等因素引起的早期结构失效是工程实践中的重大隐患。采用有限元方法,分析了一种步入式多参数环境试验舱焊接结构在焊接过程中的瞬态三维应力和形变,同时给出了在-70℃工况下的三维应力与变形分布,具有一定的参考意义。     

铁铝复配混凝剂处理低温低浊水

针对北京某水库水在冬季呈现低温低浊特性,以此为原水的某水厂在该期间常会出现出水余铝超标现象的问题,通过烧杯实验研究不同投药量下聚合氯化铝(PAC)以及它与三氯化铁(FeCl3)不同复配比形成混凝剂对冬季北京某水库水的处理效果。结果表明,复配药剂存在最佳的Fe/Al摩尔复配比为1/5,此时余铝、有机物去除效果较其他配比混凝剂高。在此配比下,当PAC投药量为0.03 mmol/L时,水中残余铝量取得最低值0.0063 mg/L。相同投药量复配药剂的浊度去除效果比单独使用PAC的浊度去除效果略弱。当投药量为0.06 mmol/L时,Fe/Al摩尔比为1/5的复配混凝剂,能使浊度降至0.4 NTU左右。此外,复配药剂的投药量小,投药范围更宽,易于实际投药操作;同时复配药剂还适于常温及偏中性水源水的处理。规模为5 m3/h中试实验也证明,采用铁铝复配混凝剂连续运行,可获得良好的浊度、余铝去除效果。     

霸螨灵在苹果和土壤中的残留动态试验

报道了霸螨灵在苹果上残留动态的研究情况。霸螨灵在苹果果实中的原始沉积量 1995年和 1996年分别为 0 .4 70和 0 .761mg/kg,消解半衰期分别为 2 .5和 3.5d。两年试验结果消解趋势基本一致。按推荐剂量 2 0 0 0倍液和高剂量 10 0 0倍液分 2次和 3次施药 ,14 d后测定 ,霸螨灵在苹果中的残留量分别为 0 .0 98m g/kg和 0 .132 m g/kg,不超过 FAO/W HO关于霸螨灵在苹果中残留限量 1m g/kg的规定 ,因而对人是安全的