除草剂阿特拉津的环境毒理研究进展

叙述了阿特拉津的应用概况及其在生产实践中所存在问题;阿特拉津在生物体内和环境中的降解代谢过程。综述了近年来国内外在阿特拉津的残留分析方法、环境毒理学和微生物降解等方面的研究进展。     

Evaluation of microbially enhanced composting of sophora flavescens residues

The effects of inoculants on the composting of Sophora flavescens residues were evaluated based on several physical, chemical and biological parameters, as well as the infrared spectra. Compared to the control compost without inoculants, the treatment compost with inoculants (Bacillus subtilis strain G-13 and Chaetomium thermophilum strain GF-1) had a significantly longer thermophilic duration, higher cellulase activity and a higher degradation rate of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin (P < 0.05). Thus, a higher maturity degree of compost with apparently lower C:N ratio (15.88 vs. 17.77) and NH₄-N:NO₃-N ratio (0.16 vs. 0.20) was obtained with the inoculation comparing with the control (P < 0.05). Besides, the inoculants could markedly accelerate the composting process and increase the maturity degree of compost as indicated by the germination index (GI) in which the treatment reached the highest GI of 133.2% at day 15 while the control achieved the highest GI of 125.7% at day 30 of the composting. Inoculation with B. subtilis and C. thermophilum is a useful method to enhance the S. flavescens residues composting according to this study.     

废弃农林生物质在废水处理中环境友好利用的研究进展

农林废弃物是一种重要的、廉价丰富的、尚没有得到充分利用的生物质资源,其利用受到越来越多的关注。本文综述近年来国内外利用废弃农林生物质环境友好处理各种废水的现状。重点阐述了废弃农林生物质作为吸附剂对印染、重金属等工业废水的处理以及通过改性手段来提高农林生物质处理效果的研究进展。     

介质阻挡放电脱除模拟工业苯系物的可行性

采用介质阻挡放电(DBD)技术降解流动态"三苯"(苯、甲苯和二甲苯)模拟废气,分析了浓度、气体流速对其降解的影响.对混合"三苯"废气进行单级和串联运行中试放大试验研究,结果显示,DBD串联可以在一定程度上提高"三苯"的去除率.三级申联时三种气体去除率都达到89%以上,对"三苯"混合废气单位体积处理费用进行了估算,结果表明,单级运行时1000m3废气处理费用只需1～3元.最后指出,要真正实现DBD降解苯系物工业化,首先要解决的还是管壁结焦和出流气体中的气溶胶粒子问题.     

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans emissions from open burning of crop residues in China between 1997 and 2004

Annual emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) from open burning of crop residues in each province of China mainland between 1997 and 2004 were estimated to be ranged from 1.38x10(3) to 1.52x10(3) g I-TEQ/yr, with the average of 1.50+/-0.08x10(3) g I-TEQ/yr, which contributed to approximately 10% approximately 20% of the total emissions in China. The PCDD/F emissions mainly occurred in the largest crop-producing provinces, especially in those of higher economic levels. The major sources of PCDD/F emissions from open burning in China were found to be cereal residues (i.e. rice, wheat, and corn), which accounted about 70% of the total emissions. Moreover, the first-order one-variable grey differential equation model (GM (1,1) model) for annual emissions of PCDD/Fs was established based on grey system theory. The GM (1,1) model was proved to be robust to predict the annual PCDD/F emissions from crop residue field burning in forthcoming years.     

甲霜灵在土壤－烟草系统中的残留与归宿

在田间生态箱中研究了（１４）Ｃ－甲霜灵在土壤—烟草系统中的迁移与归宿。实验结果表明，甲霜灵在实验土壤中的移动，主要受水分运动影响，在土体中甲霜灵甲醇提取残留的半衰期为２～３周，总残留的半衰则为５周，结合残留占总残留的百分比随时间的延长而递增，到第６周时可达到２３．１％。烟草可以通过根系吸收土壤中的甲霜灵，并表现出一定的富集作用，甲醇提取残留浓度从第２周开始下降，半衰期为１～２周，到第６周时为５．３５ｍｇ／ｋｇ。在甲醇提取物中发现一种降解产物。甲霜灵甲醇捉取残留在土壤—烟草中的行为可用两库示踪动力学模型描述。     

Fate of the 14C-labeled herbicide prosulfocarb in a soil and in a sediment-water system

The fate of ¹⁴C-labeled herbicide prosulfocarb was studied in an agricultural soil and in a sediment-water system, the sediment part of which was derived from Yangtze Three Gorges Reservoir, China. Time-course studies were performed for 28 d and 49 d, respectively. Main transformation routes of ¹⁴C-prosulfocarb were mineralization to ¹⁴CO₂ and formation of nonextractable residues amounting to 12.13% and 10.43%, respectively, after 28 days (soil), and 9.40% and 11.98%, respectively, after 49 d (sediment-water system). Traces of prosulfocarbsulfoxide were detected by means of TLC, HPLC, and LC-MS; other transformation products were not found. Initial extraction of soil assays using 0.01 M CaCl₂ solution showed that the bioavailability of the herbicide was considerably low; immediately after application (0.1 d of incubation), only 4.78% of applied radioactivity were detected in this aqueous fraction. DT₅₀ values of ¹⁴C-prosulfocarb estimated from radio-TLC and -HPLC analyses were above 28 d in soil and ranged between 29 d and 49 d in the sediment-water system. Partitioning of ¹⁴C from water to sediment phase occurred with DT₅₀ slightly above 2 d. With regard to the sediment-water system, adsorption occurred with log K_oc = 1.38 (calculated from 2 day assays) and 2.35 (49 d assays). As similarly estimated from portions of ¹⁴C found in CaCl₂ extracts of the 0.1 d assays, ¹⁴C-prosulfocarb's log K_oc in soil was 2.96. With both experiments, similar portions of nonextractable radioactivity were associated with all soil organic matter fractions, i.e. nonhumics, fulvic acids, humic acids, and humin/minerals. Throughout all sample preparation, the experiments were severely impaired by losses of radioactivity especially with concentration of samples containing water in vacuo. All findings pointed to volatility of parent prosulfocarb in presence of water rather than volatility of transformation products. According to literature data, this behavior of prosulfocarb was not expected, though volatility was demonstrated under field conditions.     

Geochemical techniques on contaminated sediments-river basin view

The big flood in the upper Elbe River catchment area has revealed a wide spectrum of problems with contaminated sediments. So far, an effective strategy for managing contaminated sediments on a river basin scale is still missing and it seems that not much has been learned from the lessons received during the last decade. In the following overview, special emphasis is given to the utilization of geochemically-based techniques for sediment remediation, which can be applied in different parts of a river basin. The examples presented here are mostly from the Elbe River catchment area. In general, new technical problem solutions need a set of practical process knowledge that uses a wide range of simulation techniques, as well as models in different spatial and temporal scales. The evaluation of recent flood events clearly demonstrates the importance of chemical expertise in the decision-making process for the sustainable development in river basins.     

β-内酰胺类抗生素前处理技术及其残留的研究进展

β-内酰胺类是指在结构中有β-内酰胺环的一大类抗生素,在人类和动物疾病的治疗和预防上有着广泛的应用。抗生素的长期滥用造成药物在各种环境和动物源性食品中的残留,严重威胁环境生态和人体健康,因此各种样品中β-内酰胺类抗生素的分析检测方法成为当下研究热点。介绍了在测定β-内酰胺类抗生素残留时常用的前处理方法,包括液液微萃取技术、固相萃取技术和基质固相分散技术,同时研究了多种样品中β-内酰胺类抗生素残留的研究现状。     

南京市小河流表层沉积物中的有机氯农药残留及其分布现状

004年春,以南京市西南部4条通入长江的小河流为试区,采集不同断面表层沉积物和水样,以及相应流域内农田土壤样品,对所有样品中有机氯农药的残留及其分布状况进行研究,并讨论了农田土壤有机氯农药残留量和理化性质对河流表层沉积物中有机氯残留量的影响.结果表明:沉积物对水体HCHs和DDTs有明显的富集作用,不同河流富集状况不尽相同.农田土壤中HCHs与沉积物中HCHs残留量基本相近,土壤中DDTs残留量明显高于沉积物,可见土壤中HCHs更易迁移至水系.由于土壤有机质易于从偏碱性的土壤中淋出,吸附在有机质上的有机氯残留物易随之转移至沉积物中,因此在流经偏碱性土壤的河流沉积物中OCPs残留量较高.各流域内农田土壤与河水及沉积物中α/γ及DDE/DDT值的变化有一定程度的趋同性,反映了土壤是水体及沉积物中OCPs的主要来源.此外,有机氯各组分在土壤-水体-沉积物的迁移过程中,易迁移者在沉积物中含有较高比例.此外,沉降作用将大大降低小河流向长江输入的OCPs.