Characterization of Shredder Residues generated and deposited in Denmark

This study presents a detailed characterization of Shredder residues (SR) generated and deposited in Denmark from 1990 to 2010. It represents approximately 85% of total Danish SR. A comprehensive sampling, size fractionation and chemical analysis was carried out on entire samples as well as on each individual size fraction. All significant elemental contents except oxygen were analyzed. The unexplained “balance” was subsequently explained by oxygen content in metal oxides, carbonates, sulphates and in organics, mainly cellulose. Using mass and calorific balance approaches, it was possible to balance the composition and, thereby, estimate the degree of oxidation of elements including metals. This revealed that larger fractions (>10 mm, 10–4 mm, 4–1 mm) contain significant amount of valuable free metals for recovery. The fractionation revealed that the >10 mm coarse fraction was the largest amount of SR being 35–40% (w/w) with a metal content constituting about 4–9% of the total SR by weight and the <1 mm fine fraction constituted 27–37% (w/w) of the total weight. The lower heat value (LHV) of SR samples over different time periods (1990–2010) was between 7 and 17 MJ/kg, declining with decreasing particle size. The SR composition is greatly dependent on the applied shredding and post shredding processes at the shredding plants causing some variations. There are uncertainties related to sampling and preparation of samples for analyses due to its heterogeneous nature and uncertainties in the chemical analyses results (≈15–25%). This exhaustive characterization is believed to constitute hitherto the best data platform for assessing potential value and feasibility of further resource recovery from SR.     

Sub-chronic oral toxicity of acetamiprid in Wistar rats

Acetamiprid is a neoncotinoid insecticide that acts as an agonist to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor used as insecticide in crops and to control fleas on dogs and cats. The objectives of this study are (1) to evaluate the sub-chronic toxicity of orally administered acetamiprid, (2) to estimate the tissue residue levels and (3) to assess the reactive oxygen species induction in Wistar rats. Clinical signs of toxicity and changes in the haematological parameters were not observed in the acetamiprid-treated groups. Biochemically, increases in the levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, cholesterol and decreases in body weight, feed consumption, reduced glutathione, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and AchE were observed. Lipid peroxidation was increased in liver and kidney. Acetamiprid residues persisted in liver, kidney, spleen, muscles, brain, fat and histopathology revealed lesions in the liver. The no observable adverse effect level of acetamiprid was found to be ≤55 mg/kg body weight.     

竹子生物质废弃物前处理技术比较研究

为开发高效、低成本的预处理技术,促进竹子生物质及其废弃物资源的能源化利用,采用3种不同纤维素预处理方法分别对竹子生物质废弃物——笋壳和竹叶(茎)进行比较研究,同时与玉米秸秆相比较.结果表明,在稀H2SO4–酶解工艺、浓H3PO4–酶解工艺和NaOH–酶解工艺条件下,几种样品水解液中分别存在3、4和5种糖类组分.在稀H2SO4–酶解工艺中,木糖为主要成分,其次为葡萄糖;在浓H3PO4–酶解工艺中,葡萄糖为主要成分,其次为木糖;而在NaOH–酶解工艺,葡萄糖和木糖含量基本相当.同时对样品处理前后的表面结构变化分析表明,不同处理工艺均改变了竹叶(茎)、笋壳和秸秆等样品的表面结构,其结构更为松散,从而有利于纤维素的酶解.     

农林废弃物处理印染废水的进展研究

印染废水组分复杂、毒性强,危害大,是目前较难处理也是急需处理的工业废水.农林废弃物是重要的可再生资源,可通过吸附有效去除印染废水中的染料分子.介绍了未改性、物理以及化学改性后的农林废弃物吸附剂处理印染废水的研究进展,对农林废弃物处理印染废水的研究方向进行了展望.提出加强农林废弃物吸附剂改性与实际应用方面的研究将是今后印染废水处理工艺的研究发展方向.     

养殖场周边土壤-蔬菜系统磺胺类药物残留及风险评价

采集了新乡市周边不同种类、规模的养殖场施用粪便的土壤以及蔬菜样品,并采用高效液相-荧光分析法测定了样品中磺胺嘧啶、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶和磺胺甲恶唑这3种主要磺胺类药物的残留情况.结果表明,3种磺胺类药物在土壤和蔬菜中的总含量范围分别为7.60~176.26μg·kg~(-1)和ND~32.70μg·kg~(-1),平均含量分别为70.73μg·kg~(-1)和7.08μg·kg-1.土壤中药物平均残留量均低于兽药国际协调委员会规定的生态毒害效应触发值(100μg·kg~(-1)).不同种类蔬菜中药物的残留量不同,青菜、油麦菜、白菜和大葱这4种蔬菜中3种磺胺类药物的平均残留量最高.所有蔬菜样品中3种药物的残留水平未超过磺胺类药物的日允许摄入量,但仍不能忽略人类长期食用所导致人体抗药细菌或基因的形成.     

烟气净化工艺和焚烧炉类型对生活垃圾焚烧飞灰性质的影响

焚烧炉类型、烟气净化工艺和垃圾组成变化均会对生活垃圾焚烧飞灰性质产生影响.本文选择生活垃圾组成相似的9个焚烧发电厂烟气净化系统飞灰,考察源自不同焚烧炉型和烟气净化工艺焚烧厂飞灰的性质差异.研究表明:飞灰中含有大量的Ca和Cl,在"炉排炉+干法"飞灰中含量最高,而流化床飞灰中Al、Si、Fe等元素含量显著高于炉排炉飞灰;烟气处理工艺对飞灰矿物相组成影响不大,但矿物相含量受烟气处理工艺影响而不同;流化床飞灰中Cd含量较低,Pb、Zn含量略低于炉排炉飞灰;Cr、Ba、Cu、Ni等元素受烟气净化工艺影响较大,"炉排炉+干法"飞灰中的含量最少;烟气净化工艺改造目标仍集中在酸性气体和NOx控制上,改造前后重金属含量没有显著差异;炉排炉飞灰的Pb浸出毒性强于流化床飞灰,流化床飞灰中含量较低的Cr、Cu、Ni、Cd等重金属在醋酸缓冲溶液中浸出较多;飞灰酸中和能力与Ca含量线性相关;在强酸性(Cd、Ni、Zn:浸出液pH8;Pb、Cu、Cr:浸出液pH4)条件下,炉排炉飞灰的As、Cd、Cr、Ni、Pb、Zn元素的浸出浓度主要受重金属总量的影响,两者具有相似的顺序;焚烧炉燃烧形式导致重金属的化学形态不同、与含Al、Fe等化合物形成络合物等原因导致"流化床+半干法"飞灰的As、Ba、Cu、Ni、Pb的浸出浓度低于具有相似总量的炉排炉飞灰.     

新疆沙雅县不同植物类型农田环境中典型农药残留及其风险评价

为确定沙雅县不同植物类型所在农田环境中典型农药残留特征及潜在的人体健康和生态风险水平,于2020年9月29日采集了沙雅县9个区域的植物、土壤和水体样本共55个,采用气相色谱-质谱联用法对样品中47种典型农药赋存水平进行分析.结果表明,3种环境介质中共检出农药23种,土壤、植物和水体中农药检出范围分别为0~70.58 μg·kg^-1、0~1832.18 μg·kg^-1和0~188.53 μg·L^-1.沙雅县3种环境介质中农药残留水平表现为植物>水体>土壤的特征,从不同植物类型区域农药检出情况来看,位于县中心的P1、P2、P6和P8区域污染最为严重,对应区域中农药负荷水平较高的植物为棉花、核桃、红枣和白杨,且残留值贡献较高的7种农药分别为：六六六、毒死蜱、氯氟氰菊酯、氟胺氰菊酯、甲霜灵、苯醚甲环唑和腐霉利;对成人和儿童通过经口摄入、皮肤接触和呼吸吸入这3种途径暴露在土壤表层的农药中造成的人体健康风险进行评价,结果显示,3种方式中经口摄入作为主要暴露途径,且儿童的风险水平显著大于成年人,但两个年龄段风险水平处于可接受范围内;对蚯蚓在土壤中的生态风险水平进行评估,结果显示沙雅县单个农药对土壤中蚯蚓的潜在生态风险水平较低,联苯菊酯为最大贡献农药;对农药的联合作用进行生态风险评估,结果显示P1、P4、P7和P9区域处于中度风险,其他区域处于低风险等级,因此需限制研究区部分农药的使用.     

A simple HPLC method for determination of permethrin residues in wine

An isocratic High Performance Liquid Chromatographic (HPLC) method was optimized for 3-phenoxybenzyl (1RS)-cis-trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropanecarboxylate (permethrin) residues identification and quantification in wine matrix. Analytical reverse phase (RP) C-18 column was used (25 cm × 4 mm i.d., 5 μ m) with mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and water in ratio 70 %/30 % (v v^?1), flow-rate 2.0 mL min^?1, UV-detection at 215 nm and controlled oven temperature at 25°C. The peaks of isomers were identified with the retention times as compared to standard cis-/trans- mixture and confirmed with characteristic spectra using photodiode array detector. Under these conditions, permethrin isomers were well separated with resolution 2.8 and no interference with the naturally present wine compounds was observed. The method was validated for linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ). Linear regression analysis data proved a good linear relationship (correlation coefficients, r², for cis- and trans-isomer are: 0.9995 and 0.9997, respectively) between response of the detector and concentration of permethrin isomers over a wide concentration range for both isomers (0.55 mg L^?1 ?4.40 mg L^?1). Experimental data showed mean recoveries between 93.95% and 96.58% with RSD values in range: 0.89% ?3.69%. The effect of ethanol content in the solvent on permethrin isomers peak areas was also studied and 60% v v^?1 ethanol was found to be optimal for sample preparation. The method was successfully tested on 20 commercial wine samples from the market in which no permethrin was detected. Thus, it was proved that it is suitable for routine permethrin residues analysis. The proposed method is suitable for routine analysis because of the simple sample preparation, acceptable run-time, low cost and its applicability with conventional instruments.     

Comparison of gas chromatography and immunoassay methods in quantifying fenitrothion residues in grape juice processed into alcoholic drinks

Abstract

Wine and Arak, the national alcoholic drink in Lebanon, were prepared from grape juice fortified with fenitrothion to a concentration of 20ppm. Samples of the 11 fractions produced by the fermentation and distillation steps were analyzed for fenitrothion residues using gas chromatography (GC) and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results of residue analyses showed that the two techniques were highly correlated (r = 0.978) and indicated that fenitrothion was stable during the fermentation steps but not during distillation. The clarified wine 35 days later contained about 85% (15.3 ppm) of the fenitrothion concentration found in the juice as determined by GC analysis. Arak was prepared by a two‐steps distillation of the clarified wine. The alcohol distillate and undistilled fraction from the first distillation contained 2.5 ppm and 5.8 ppm of fenitrothion, respectively. No fenitrothion residues were detected by both techniques in the four fractions collected from the second distillation step.     

The Power of Bioenergy‐Related Standards to Protect Biodiversity

Abstract: The sustainable production of bioenergy is vital to avoiding negative impacts on environmental goods such as climate, soil, water, and especially biodiversity. We propose three key issues that should be addressed in any biodiversity risk‐mitigation strategy: conservation of areas of significant biodiversity value; mitigation of negative effects related to indirect land‐use change; and promotion of agricultural practices with few negative impacts on biodiversity. Focusing on biodiversity concerns, we compared principles and criteria set to address biodiversity and other environmental and social issues in seven standards (defined here as commodity‐based standards or roundtables, or relevant European legislation): five voluntary initiatives related to bioenergy feedstocks, the Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation (United Kingdom), and the European Renewable Energy Source Directive. Conservation of areas of significant biodiversity value was fairly well covered by these standards. Nevertheless, mitigation of negative impacts related to indirect land‐use change was underrepresented. Although the EU directive, with its bonus system for the use of degraded land and a subquota system for noncrop biofuels, offered the most robust standards to mitigate potential negative effects, all of the standards fell short in promoting agricultural practices with low negative impacts on biodiversity. We strongly recommend that each standard be benchmarked against related standards, as we have done here, and that efforts should be made to strengthen the elements that are weak or missing. This would be a significant step toward achieving a bioenergy industry that safeguards Earth's living heritage.